专题介绍：考古成果的公众化研究
学术主持人语：
“认识中华文明的悠久历史、感知中华文化的博大精深，离不开考古学。”丰富的考古成果属于公众，公众拥有了解、接触和利用考古成果的权利，因此考古学最终目的之一是将考古研究的成果转化为社会知识，让文化遗产保护成果惠及民众，让考古走出“象牙塔”，走向公众。考古成果在社会层面的转化与传播形式丰富，不仅有传统的考古报告、学术著作、教科书和科普读物等，也有对考古发掘现场的电视、互联网直播等形式，近些年考古与综艺结合的《中国考古大会》《国家宝藏》等节目也在年轻观众中引起了很大反响。不过，考古遗址现场以及博物馆仍然是阐释传播考古成果的重要阵地。
考古成果在博物馆中传播是考古公众化的重要方式之一，也是考古成果经考古发掘研究后的二次阐释。博物馆通过展览、社教活动、文创产品等形式，尝试复原出土遗物的历史情境和考古情境，同时通过展览向观众普及科学和真实的考古学，让观众了解考古发掘的方法和过程，实现考古成果的公众化传播，这不仅是博物馆的职责所在，也是优势所在。近几年，越来越多的考古成果专题展成为博物馆临时展览的主角，甚至出现中国考古博物馆、陕西考古博物馆、洛阳考古博物馆等考古专题博物馆。同时，考古遗址博物馆、考古遗址公园的建设也如火如荼。相比于脱离考古情境与历史情境，进入博物馆后的“失声”困境，在考古遗址上建立博物馆或公园使考古成果的展示更具真实性与代入感，成为考古、历史、景观保护、文物保护和博物馆多功能集合的文化综合体。
考古成果在博物馆展览中的利用已有一套相对成熟的范式：遗物、遗迹绝大多数直接成为主要展品；解说图片、器物线描图等发掘记录成为辅助展品：研究资料成为考古成果利用的学术支撑。但针对不同类型的考古成果，博物馆人如何在展览主题、叙事方式、展品选择、传播推广等方面更好地发力，以实现考古成果的更好传播？策展人不仅需要关注考古发掘物的历史情境，也要关注博物馆场域下的语境构建，在展览中以观众为导向，以“再情境化”考古场景的方式展示、传播考古学理论与方法，以“再情境化”历史场景的方式阐释“物”的故事。同时，在新媒体的背景下思考考古成果展、考古博物馆、考古遗址博物馆作为信息传播媒介如何从服务的目标群体、传播目标、推广方式等角度出发，更好地触及观众，接收观众的反馈，树立良好的公众形象，进而引导公众进入博物馆，与博物馆实现更多互动。本期“考古成果的公众化研究”专题文章从不同角度回应了上述问题，也是探讨考古成果公众化过程中如何实现更好传播的有益尝试。
黄 洋
走出象牙塔：中国考古特色何在 学派何为
Out of the Ivory Tower: Features and School of Chinese Archaeology
曹兵武
Cao Bingwu
（中国文化遗产研究院，北京，100029）
(China Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100029)
内容提要：作为科学的中国考古，经过百余年的探索发现和研究求证，揭示了我国百万年的人类史，万年的农耕文化史，五千多年的文明史。而作为社会存在的中国考古，则为中华民族实现复兴的文化自信、自觉，以及人类文明的交流互鉴提供了独特的实证性支撑。新时期中国考古不仅应义不容辞地承担考古发掘之后的大众化和公共考古的社会责任，更应充分发掘研究对象与视角方法等方面的特色优势，抓住历史机遇，建设中国学派，为探索人类文明从多元到一体及可持续发展的命运共同体的研究与认知贡献独特的中国力量。
关键词：考古学的中国学派 主位视角 后过程考古 公共考古 多元一体
Abstract: Chinese archaeology, as a science, has revealed millions of years of human history, about ten thousand years of farming cultural history and more over five thousand years of civilization in China after more than one hundred years of exploration, discovery and research. As a social existence, Chinese archaeology provides a unique empirical support for the cultural self-confidence and self-consciousness of the Chinese nation's rejuvenation, as well as the communication and mutual learning of human civilizations. In the new era, Chinese archaeology should not only bear the responsibility of popularization and public archaeology after archaeological excavation, but also fully explore the features and advantages of research objects perspectives and methods, seize the historical opportunity, build the Chinese school, and contribute unique Chinese strength to the research and cognition of the community of destiny that can sustain the development of human civilization from pluralism to unity.
Key Words: Chinese school of archaeology; thematic perspective; post-processual archaeology; public archaeology; unity in diversity
理解与阐释：考古出土文物展的语境构建
Understanding and Interpretation: Contextual Construction of Archaeological Relics Exhibitions
赵 娜1,2
Zhao Na1,2
（1.复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433；2.成都金沙遗址博物馆，成都，610036）
(1.Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai,200433;
2.Chengdu Jinsha Site Museum, Chengdu, 610036)
内容提要：与其他“博物馆物”相似，博物馆中的考古文物同样经历了从原生环境中抽离的“去语境化”过程，弱化了自我言说的能力，给观众造成理解障碍。只有为其重构脉络，再塑语境，才能促进理解的达成。诠释学语境论阐明了语境与理解的关系，为考古文物的语境化阐释提供了学理基础，将其贯彻于语境重构的全过程。即在考古学阐释阶段，通过关联文物感知和体验世界的多元语境，构建起全程、能动的物质意义网络，为展示环节的信息传播提供有力的语境支持；在展览阐释阶段，通过宏观、中观、微观不同维度的实践技巧完成考古文物的高语境转化，实现文物语境与观众语境的双重融合，最终促进观众理解的达成。这将是提高博物馆展览传播效果的有益尝试。
关键词：博物馆 展览 考古文物 语境 语境化阐释
Abstract: Similar to other museum objects, archaeological relics in museums undergo a process of “de-contextualization” by being removed from their original environment. This weakens the relics capacity for self-expression and creates barriers to understanding for the audience. We can only encourage understanding by reconstructing and modifying the settings. Contextualism illustrates the relationship between context and understanding, provides a theoretical basis for the contextual interpretation of archaeological relics. In the stage of archaeological interpretation, a dynamic material meaning network is built through the various contexts in which archaeological relics view and interact with the outside world. This network offers strong contextual support for the diffusion of information during the exhibition phase. In the exhibition interpretation stage, the high context transformation of archaeological relics is completed through the practical skills of macro, meso and micro dimensions. The simultaneous integration of the archaeological relics context and audience context is realized, ultimately promoting the audience's understanding. This will be a fruitful endeavor to improve the ability of museum exhibits to communicate.
Key Words: Museum; exhibition; archaeological relics; context; contextual interpretation
关于考古遗址博物馆对象的思考——以南越王博物院为例
Thoughts on the Objects of Archaeological Site Museums: Taking Nanyue King Museum as an Example
刘业沣
Liu Yefeng
（南越王博物院，广州，510030）
(Nanyue King Museum, Guangzhou,510030)
内容提要：在中国博物馆发展历程中，依托考古遗址的博物馆是较早出现，且广受关注的分支。近期学者提出“考古遗址博物馆”的命名，强调此类博物馆与考古实践的紧密关系。本文试以南越王博物院的三处考古场景展示为例，尝试探索考古遗址博物馆对象与考古学方法论的关系。
关键词：考古遗址博物馆 考古学 遗址 方法论
Abstract: The museums that based on archaeological sites have emerged earlier and attracted great attentions in China. Recently, it was named as archaeological site museums, emphasizing the close relationship between the museums and archaeological practice. This article attempts to explore the relationship between archaeological sites museum objects and archaeological methodology by taking three archaeological scenes displayed at Nanyue King Museum as examples.
Key Words: Archaeological site museum; archaeology; site; methodology
陕西考古博物馆陈列展示的实践与探索
Practice and Exploration of Exhibition in Shaanxi Archaeological Museum
孙伟刚
Sun Weigang
（陕西省考古研究院，西安，710054）
(Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi’an, 710054)
内容提要：陕西考古博物馆是一座集科研、公众教育和社会服务为一体，展示考古工作和考古学学科发展的专题博物馆。它依托陕西省考古研究院65年来积累的文物标本和考古研究成就，与社会共享考古成果。其陈列展示的特点可概括为一条主线、两个展示区域、三个突出、四大篇章。在内容和形式策划上，着眼于考古学学科理论的发展及应用、考古发现及阐释，重视考古现场还原，遗物组合的原真性、科学性，是考古学学科内涵的全景展示，体现了考古学学科的特色。这启示我们，考古博物馆的建设必须依托专门的考古机构，展陈内容与大纲编写必须有考古项目负责人或一线考古人员参与，展陈设计需要考虑专业性与普及性，提高公众的参与度。
关键词：陕西考古博物馆 考古学科 成果展示 文化遗产保护 文化自信
Abstract: Shaanxi Archaeological Museum is a special subject museum that integrates scientific research public education and social service, and displays archaeological work, the development of archaeology. It relies on the cultural relic specimens and archaeological research results accumulated in the past 65 years by the Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, and shares archaeological results with the society. Its display features can be summarized as one main line, two exhibition's areas, three prominent features, four chapters In terms of content and form planning, it focuses on the development and application of archaeological theory, archaeological discovery and interpretation, attaches the great importance to archaeological site restoration, and the authenticity and scientific nature of relic combination, which is a panoramic exhibition of the connotation of archaeology and reflects the characteristics of archaeology. This enlightens us that the construction of archaeological museums must rely on specialized archaeological institutions, the compilation of exhibition contents and outlines must involve archaeological project leaders or front-line archaeologists, and the exhibition design should consider professionalism and popularity, so as to enhance the participation of the public.
Key Words: Shaanxi Archaeological Museum; discipline of archaeology; results display; cultural heritage conservation; cultural confidence
考古遗址博物馆在社会化媒体中的传播——基于新浪微博的分析
The Social Media Communication Vision of Archaeological Site Museums: An Analysis of Sina Micro-blog
李乃舒1黄洋2
Li Naishu1 Huang Yang2
（1.中原工学院，郑州，450007；2.上海大学，上海，200444）
(1. Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007; 2. Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444)
内容提要：微博是重要的社会化媒体。当下，考古遗址博物馆越来越多地运用微博与观众建立联系。研究分析六家考古遗址博物馆在新浪微博上的相关信息，发现其官方账号主要发布四类信息，即知识介绍、事实变动、用户互动、关注热点与公共节日。各类行动者在微博场域中，通过转发和留言激发影响力。未来考古遗址博物馆的微博运营，可以用贴近当代人生活、心理的话语活化考古遗址、考古出土文物和考古学文化，运用话题标签组织讨论并与多元传播主体互动，打造社群的同时建立完善的新媒体平台体系，做到非营利性与营利性、专业性与通俗性的统一。
关键词：考古成果 博物馆传播 内容分析 文本分析 微博话题
Abstract: Micro-blog is an important social media platform helps archaeological site museums reach audiences. This study analyzed the relevant information of six archaeological site museums on Sina Micro-blog, found the information from official accounts mainly include knowledge, news, interaction with other accounts, social hot spots and public festivals. Various actors stimulate their influence in the micro-blog through forward messages and follow-up comments. In the future, the archaeological site museums can activate archaeological sites, archaeological unearthed relics and archaeological cultures with discourse that are close to contemporary life and psychology, organize discussions and interact with multiple micro-blog users by using hashtags, building a community and establishing a sophisticated social media platform system so as to achieve the unity of commerciality and publicity, professionalism and popularity.
Key Words: Archaeological achievements; museum communication; content analysis; text analysis; micro-blog topic