专题介绍:博物馆史研究
学术主持人语:
博物馆史研究属于博物馆学与历史学研究的交叉性议题,既是博物馆学理论研究的基础内容,也是社会史、文化史及教育史研究的内容之一。
从博物馆学角度,博物馆史研究主要是通过对博物馆历史的回顾与反思,寻找并尽可能准确复原博物馆发展过程中的标志性大事件,尤其是引起博物馆质性变化的实践及理念等,将博物馆历史分成若干时段,总结、归纳出每个时段的基本特点,进而完成最终学术目标——发现博物馆一般发展规律,为当下及未来的博物馆发展提供有效的经验借鉴。从专门史角度,博物馆史研究需要遵循史学研究求真求实的基本原则,在唯物史观指导下,搜集、整理及考证与博物馆发展相关的文字史料与实物史料,以达到治史知变的学术目的。
博物馆史目前大致有三种书写模式:一是相对宏观的通史或断代史类研究,二是中观的个体馆史或微观的具体事件与博物馆人物类研究,三是博物馆分类型或分区域的历史考察。本次邀约的七篇博物馆史文章涉及三种书写模式。张文立、潘继业两文属于通史类的理论讨论。张文立以个体馆史疏证为介入点对中国早期博物馆机构性质进行辨析,提出博物馆机构性质认定的原则,令人深思。潘继业则对博物馆物的文化属性再书写问题进行了深入的讨论,从意义书写角度揭示了博物馆权力制造的真相。刘迪、吴昌稳及黄洋三文属于断代史类研究。刘迪对中华人民共和国成立初期——20世纪50年代的苏联博物馆学译介活动进行全面考察,讨论了此时期中苏博物馆之间的特殊交流关系。吴昌稳关注了中华人民共和国成立初期革命文物的相关议题,讨论了此时期革命文物征集与国家新的政治文化理念表达的关系。黄洋对民国时期考古出土文物类展览进行了专题考察,指出此时期的考古出土文物展览影响了公众的古史观念与民族认同等。蒋凡一文属于微观的历史事件类的研究,通过震旦博物院的一次特殊展览,讨论了近代中国境外来华人士所建博物馆的“在地化”趋向。张礼智一文属于分类型博物馆史研究,就中国史前遗址博物馆的历史进行了全面回顾和反思,文章时间跨度大,内容丰富,从一个从业者角度讨论了史前遗址类博物馆独特的发展历程。
就中国博物馆史研究而言,改革开放以来研究成果在不断增多,尤其是第二类和第三类的研究成果数量增加明显。整体情况向好的同时,不得不看到尚有很多亟须解决或未来需要关注的议题。研究角度方面,已有研究多偏重于博物馆自身发展的“博物馆史”研究,对博物馆与社会关系变迁的“博物馆社会史”关注不够。通史性研究方面,至今尚缺一本贯通一百多年中国博物馆发展史的专著。断代史研究方面,改革开放四十余年的中国博物馆史研究工作尚未启动。此期间中国博物馆借改革开放的东风,获得了长足的发展。从管理机制到场馆建设,从内部业务到社会服务均发生了明显变化,是值得学界下大工夫去考察的一段历史。除此之外,对一些业界习而不察的博物馆历史,史实性疏证研究仍需进一步加强。此类研究问题的切口虽然小,但学术贡献度很大,不仅是廓清中国博物馆发展历程的必要研究,也是促进博物馆史研究从“史料维度”到“问题维度”转型的重要内容。如中国博物馆的历史分期等根本性问题,只有在大量史实性研究的基础上才可以有效展开。最后不得不提博物馆史研究严重依赖的文献资料问题,目前搜集、保存、整理工作不甚理想。博物馆作为保留人类记忆的场域,却长期忽略自身历史资料的留存工作。以博物馆观众史研究为例,多数博物馆,尤其是早期博物馆几乎很少保留观众资料,观众史研究只能付诸阙如了。
学术原本是很孤独的事情,能有志同道合的同行者,是一种幸运。中国博物馆史的研究,似涓涓细流,没有大江大河的喧嚣,但可以坚韧地流淌百年,靠的正是这样一个数量虽不多但却能坚持坐冷板凳的研究队伍。一代代默默坚守在这样一个小的研究领域中,笔耕不辍,才有了中国博物馆史研究的连续性。如果可以提愿望,希望有更多的青年才俊加入。
徐 玲
我国早期博物馆机构性质辨析
——以澳门在华英国博物馆为例
On the Identification of the Nature of the Early Museums in China:
A Case Study of British Museum in China
张文立
Zhang Wenli
(吉林大学考古学院,长春,130012)
(School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012)
内容提要:论文简要回顾了我国早期博物馆研究的历史,指出博物馆机构性质辨析是该领域的重要问题之一。论文提出了博物馆机构性质认定的三个基本依据,并以澳门的在华英国博物馆为例,揭示了如何认定早期博物馆机构的性质。笔者认为,澳门在华英国博物馆,虽有博物馆之名,但具有一定程度的珍奇室性质,有别于现代意义的博物馆。
关键词:早期博物馆 在华英国博物馆 博物馆性质 珍奇室
Abstract: This article examines the brief history of research on the early museums in China. It is pointed out that the discrimination of the nature of museums is one of an important issues in the field. The article gives three basic criteria to identify the nature of the museum as an institution, and, further demonstrate how it by using the case of the British Museum in China. In the author’s opinions, the museum in Macao, although with a name of museum, is in fact a certain kind of cabinet of curiosities. It is different from the museum in the modern sense.
Key Words: Early museums; British Museum in China; nature of museum; cabinet of curiosities
中国史前遗址博物馆的历史回顾与反思
Historical Reviews and Reflections on Prehistoric Site Museums in China
张礼智
Zhang Lizhi
(西安半坡博物馆,西安,710043)
(Xi'an Banpo Museum, Xi'an, 710043)
内容提要:回顾中国史前遗址博物馆70年的发展历史,可分为20世纪50年代、20世纪70—90年代和新世纪三个发展阶段。史前遗址博物馆在各个阶段的发展特点及创新之举,是本文关注的重点,并在此基础上提出对未来史前遗址博物馆发展的期许。
关键词:史前 遗址 博物馆 博物馆史
Abstract: The seventy year’s-history of prehistoric site museums in China can be classified into three stages: 1950s, 1970s-1990s and new era. This article emphasizes the characteristics and innovations of each stage, which served as building blocks for some expectations of their future developments.
Key Words: Prehistory; site; museum; museum historiography
20世纪50年代苏联博物馆学文献在中国的译介
Translation and Introduction of Soviet Museological Literature in China in the 1950s
刘 迪
Liu Di
(江西省博物馆,南昌,330013)
(Jiangxi Provincial Museum, Nanchang, 330013)
内容提要:20世纪50年代苏联博物馆学文献被大量译介至国内,大致经历了三个阶段:苏联博物馆制度和模式的译介(1950—1952)、苏联博物馆技术的译介(1953—1956)、苏联博物馆学全面译介(1957—1959)。译介的文献类型包括专著,法规、文件与报告,论文,陈列计划,资讯;文献主题涉及地志博物馆、藏品管理、陈列展览、群众工作、博物馆介绍五个方面。这一时期我国博物馆界自上而下地展开对苏联博物馆学的接受,在此过程中也注意到将苏联博物馆经验与自身实际情况结合。
关键词:苏联 博物馆学 译介 地志博物馆
Abstract: In the 1950s, a large amount of Soviet museological literature was translated and introduced into China, roughly went through three stages: the translation and introduction of Soviet museum system and model (1950-1952), the translation and introduction of Soviet museum technologies (1953-1956), and the comprehensive translation and introduction of Soviet museology (1957-1959). Types of literature translated included monographs, regulations, documents and reports, papers, exhibition plans, and information. The theme of the literature covered five aspects, including chorography museum, collection management, exhibition, public work, and introduction of museums. During this period, Chinese museum community accepted Soviet museology top-down, while also paying attention to combining the experience of Soviet museums with its own practical situations.
Key Words: The Soviet Union; museology; translation and introduction; chorography museum
论中华人民共和国成立初期革命文物的征集与展示
Revolutionary Cultural Relics’ Collection and Exhibition in the Early Stage of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China
吴昌稳
Wu Changwen
(广东省博物馆,广州,510623)
(Guangdong Museum, Guangzhou, 510623)
内容提要:文物是塑造历史和构建国家形象的媒介之一,新兴革命力量的崛起会带来不同的政治理念和思维。中国共产党对革命文物工作十分重视,在中华人民共和国成立初期就颁布文件和法令将革命文物征集工作制度化,并且策划反映革命成果和社会发展规律的展览。前者奠定了近代以来中国革命叙事的物质基础,后者则将新生政权的使命和理想公布于众,教育和引导广大人民群众同向而行。
关键词:中华人民共和国成立初期 革命文物 文物征集 展览叙事
Abstract: Cultural relics is one of the medias to show the history and nation image. The thriving
revolutionary class would bring new political ideas when the ruling class changed. The CPC emphasized the function of the revolutionary cultural relics in the early stage of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, issued documents and laws which made the collection of revolutionary cultural relics to be institutionalized, and displayed the exhibitions which reflected the revolution and society development rules. The former founded the Chinese revolutionary narration, while the latter disclosed the new nation’s missions and ideals in order to instruct people to go in the same direction with the CPC.
Key Words: The early stage of the founding of the People’s Republic of China; revolutionary cultural relics; cultural relics collecting; exhibition narration
民国时期考古出土文物展览述论
Analysis on the Exhibition of Archaeological Relics Unearthed During the Republic of China
黄 洋
Huang Yang
(上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院,上海,200444)
(School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management of Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444)
内容提要:民国时期,中国考古学家在进行考古发掘的同时,也通过考古出土文物展览的方式传播考古成果。民国时期共举办了20余次各种考古出土文物展览,这些临时展览虽然大多展期都很短,但却引起强烈反响。考古出土文物展览影响了公众的古史观念与民族认同。在展示手段上,运用了图表、通俗易懂的说明文字、模型等,还采用古今对比展示、专家现场导览、考古遗迹展示等方式,通俗化地传播考古成果。观众有业界专家学者、政府官员、普通公众等各阶层,反响热烈。民国时期的考古出土文物展览促使我们重新思考考古学的价值,并促进公众参与文化遗产保护传承,也为后续公众考古学的形成与发展做好了铺垫。
关键词:考古博物馆 出土文物展览 公众考古 考古成果转化
Abstract: Chinese archaeologists broadcasted archaeological achievements through the exhibition of archaeological relics while conducting archaeological excavations during the Republic of China. They held more than 20 exhibitions of various archaeological relics. Although most of these temporary exhibitions were of short duration, they aroused strong responses. The exhibitions of archaeological relics have influenced the public’s concept of ancient history and national identity. In terms of display means, they used charts, understandable models, as well as comparative ancient and modern display, accompanying on-site tour and archaeological relic display to spread archaeological achievements in a popular way. The audience included industry experts, scholars, government officials and the general public. The exhibitions of archaeological relics unearthed during the Republic of China prompted a reconsideration of the value of archaeology, enhanced public participation in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage, and cultivated the subsequent formation and development of public archaeology.
Key Words: Archaeological museum; exhibition of unearthed relics; public archaeology; transformation of archaeological achievements
物与博物馆的文化再书写
Objects and Cultural Re-writing of Museums
潘继业
Pan Jiye
(洛阳师范学院历史文化学院,洛阳,471000)
(School of History and Culture, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471000)
内容提要:博物馆是物的场域,从博物馆起源与早期形态发展来看,博物馆通过物的收藏实现了文化形象的塑造。尽管物品自身包含各式各样的文化信息,但博物馆藏品的挑选与展示是有意识选择文化信息的行为,借此,在博物馆空间内,物的文化属性经历了再书写的过程。而在这一过程中,博物馆与受众间的权力关系以及不可避免的政治化表达都是其作为文化中枢发挥效用时需要谨慎思考的内容。
关键词:博物馆 博物馆物 文化再书写 博物馆史
Abstract: Museums are the field of objects. From the origin and the early form of museum, we can see that museums achieve the shaping of cultural image through the collection of objects. Although the objects themselves contain a variety of cultural information, the selection and display of museum collections is a conscious choice of cultural information, through which, the cultural attribute of an object has undergone the process of re-writing in museum space. In this process, the power relationship between the museum and the audience and the inevitable politicized expression are the contents that should be carefully considered when the museum functions as the cultural center.
Key Words: Museum; object of museum; cultural re-writing; history of museums
近代西人在华博物馆的“在地化”尝试
——以震旦博物院“中国药物展览会”为例
The Change of Westerners’ Museum Activities in China to Serve Chinese Society
in Modern Times: Take the China Pharmaceutical Exhibition in the Aurora University
Museum as an Example
蒋 凡
Jiang Fan
(浙大城市学院,杭州,310015)
(Hangzhou City College, Hangzhou, 310015)
内容提要:震旦博物院在1942年4月12日举办的“中国药物展览会”是一个医药类主题的临时展览,是在当时产生了不小社会影响力的科学普及展览。该展览在抗日战争时期国人对医药需求的背景下,以震旦博物院的馆藏为基础,以震旦大学的研究力量为依托,通过专业且科学的方式组织展览,并辅以公开演讲和实验表演等社会教育活动,吸引了大量观众,是当时同类型展览和临时展览中的代表。震旦博物院面向中国社会开办这一展览,也是当时西方人在华建立的博物馆实现“在地化”转型的具体体现。
关键词:“中国药物展览会” 震旦博物院 西人在华博物馆活动 在地化 博物馆史
Abstract: The China Pharmaceutical Exhibition held by the Aurora University Museum on April 12, 1942 was a temporary exhibition on the subject of medicine held in China. It was also a science popularization exhibition with great social influence at that time. Under the background of Chinese people’s demand for medicine during the war against Japanese aggression, the exhibition was based on the collection of the Aurora University Museum, supported by the research force of Aurora University, organized in a professional and scientific way, supplemented by public speeches, experimental performances and other social education activities, and attracted a large number of audiences. It was a representative of the same type of exhibition and temporary exhibition at that time. The exhibition held by the Aurora University Museum is an exhibition for Chinese society, and it is also a concrete embodiment of the process of the localization transformation of the Western museums in China.
Key Words: China Pharmaceutical Exhibition; Aurora University Museum; westerners’ museum activities in China; localization; museum history