专题介绍：物以证史
编者按：
中华民族历史源远流长，传统文化博大精深。在悠久的历史长河中散落着数不清的遗存，它们或已广为人知，或依然沉寂，但都见证了中华民族辉煌的历史、璀璨的文化，是珍贵的历史见证物。其中一部分有了最好的归宿——珍藏在博物馆。
物是博物馆的基石，是博物馆的本质特征，保存、研究、展示、阐释物是博物馆的重要职责。本期专题六篇论文即着力于研究物、阐释物，通过物本体及其出土情境，并结合文献进行深入考察分析，揭示其隐含的历史。上自商周，下至明清；既研青铜，且究刻石；微言皇家，亦论百姓。作者无不用心，在刊之际，仍执于补充新证。
物可以证史，物足以证史。文物作为文明的载体，承载着中华民族的基因和血脉，展示了中华文明起源和发展的历史脉络，展示了中华文明的灿烂成就。发掘文物的多重价值，讲述源远流长的中华文明史，让人们增强历史自觉、坚定文化自信是新时代博物馆工作者的使命，也是本刊的坚守。
“子龙”“子龚”器物族属考——兼论甲骨文“龙方”与豕韦氏的关系
Study on the Genus of Zilong and Zigong: Relationship Between Oracle-Bone Longfang and Shiwei Clan
王林
Wang Lin
[安阳市殷墟博物馆（原安阳市殷墟管理处），安阳，455000]
(Anyang Yinxu Museum, Anyang, 455000)
内容提要：“子龙”“子龚”铭文多见于商代晚期或西周初期青铜器，目前学术界均认为“龙”“龚”同源，“子龙”“子龚”属于同一氏族。现存“子龙(龚)”铭文的器物多是传世器，专家推断该铭文器物的出土地为河南新乡辉县，但对其族属尚未有确切论证。本文通过铭文、历史文献、出土地望、甲骨卜辞记载等综合论证，认为商代豕韦氏有两个——彭姓豕韦氏和刘姓豕韦氏(御龙氏)，豕韦氏在甲骨文中很可能被称为“龙方”，而“子龙(龚)”器物族属或许就是这两个豕韦氏其中之一。
关键词：子龙 子龚 豕韦氏 御龙氏 龙方
Abstract: Bronze inscriptions of Zilong and Zigong were commonly found in the bronzes of the late Shang Dynasty or early Western Zhou Dynasty, academic community all agreed that Long and Gong are of the same origin, and both of them belonged to the same clan. The existing bronzes engraved with the inscription of Zilong and Zigong are mostly handed down from generation to generation, experts concluded that the bronzes were unearthed from Huixian County, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, but there is no definite proof of their clan. This article is based on a comprehensive analysis of inscriptions, historical documents, geographical positions, oracle-bone inscriptions records and others to prove that there were two Shiwei clans-Peng Shiwei clan and Liu Shiwei clan (Yulong clan), and they were also probably called Longfang in oracle-bone inscriptions records. Zilong and Zigong bronzes may be one of these two Shiwei clans.
Key Words: Zilong; Zigong; Shiwei clan; Yulong clan; Longfang
西汉霍去病墓石刻群历史地位的再检讨
Review on the Historical Status of Huo Qubing Tomb’s Stone Carvings
武光雪1 付龙腾2
Wu Guangxue1 Fu Longteng2
（1.邹城市行政审批服务局，邹城，273500；2.山东大学历史文化学院，济南，250100）
(1. Administrative Examination and Approval Service Bureau of Zoucheng, Zoucheng, 273500; 2. School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100)
内容提要：西汉霍去病墓是迄今所知最早使用大型陵墓石刻群表饰坟墓的例证，可视为东汉以后逐渐风靡之习俗的先声。但也应看到，霍去病墓石刻群在形制、空间配置、行为动机上均具有鲜明的特殊性，与后世石刻制度的关联不大。同时，霍去病墓石刻所代表的艺术风格却成了其后地域文化的组成部分，即便到了十六国、北朝时期，仍偶有表达。
关键词：霍去病墓石刻群 形制 空间配置 行为动机 艺术风格
Abstract: The tomb of Huo Qubing is the earliest tomb decorated with stone carving so far. So it is the prelude of the rituals after Eastern Han. But the form, space configuration and behavioral motivation of these stone carvings are special and have little connection with the system after Han Dynasty. Besides, the artistic style of these stone carvings become part of regional culture. In the time of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasty, this artistic style was still existed and represented occasionally.
Key Words: Huo Qubing Tomb's stone carvings; form; space configuration; behavioral motivation; artistic style
北京出土汉晋时期铜镜概说
Overview of Bronze Mirrors Unearthed in Beijing from Han to Jin Dynasty
孙勐
Sun Meng
（北京市考古研究院，北京，100009）
(Beijing Institute of Archaeology, Beijing, 100009)
内容提要：铜镜是北京汉晋墓葬中最为常见且兼具日常生活和随葬用品双重性质的金属器具。目前所见北京出土的汉晋时期铜镜，镜面可分为平直不带弧度和外凸有弧度两种，以后者为主。钮有连峰式、扁圆和圆钮等类型，以后者为主。钮座有圆钮座、柿蒂纹钮座、连珠纹钮座等，以前者为主。镜缘多数为素宽缘，窄缘和有纹饰缘并不多见。缘边多为斜直呈坡状，少数为竖直。镜背图案，以钮为中心，呈同心圆或条带状分布。据此，可将这一时期的铜镜分为西汉中晚期、东汉早中期、东汉晚期、魏晋时期四个发展阶段。不同历史时期随葬铜镜现象差异，一定程度上反映了北京的社会状况，墓主人及家庭的财富、地位以及作为日常生活实用器时铜镜在本地区的拥有量，北京与铜镜原产地间的流通与运输等因素的影响与变化。
关键词：铜镜 北京 汉晋 分类 分期 墓葬
Abstract: Bronze mirror is the most common metal appliance in Han and Jin tombs in Beijing, which has the dual properties of daily life and burial articles. At present, the bronze mirrors unearthed in Beijing in the Han and Jin Dynasties can be divided into two types: straight without radian and convex with radian, mainly the latter. There are many types of buttons, such as continuous peak type, flat circle and round button, and the latter is the main type. The button seat includes round button seat, persimmon stem pattern button seat, beaded pattern button seat, etc. the former is the main one. Most of the mirror edges are plain wide edges, and narrow edges and decorative edges are rare. Most of the edges are inclined and straight in slope shape, and a few are vertical. The pattern on the back of the mirror, centered on the button, is distributed in concentric circles or strips. Accordingly, the bronze mirrors in this period can be divided into four development stages: the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the early and middle Eastern Han Dynasty, the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The differences in the phenomenon of buried bronze mirrors in different historical periods reflect, to a certain extent, the influence and changes of social conditions in Beijing, the wealth and status of tomb owners and families, the ownership of bronze mirrors in this region as a practical tool for daily life, and the circulation and transportation between Beijing and the origin of bronze mirrors.
Key Words: Bronze mirror; Beijing; Han to Jin Dynasty; classification; staging; tombs
明正德三年守陵官员铸铜钟考
Study on the Bronze Bell Cast by Mausoleum-Guarding Officials in 1508
王申
Wang Shen
（大钟寺古钟博物馆，北京，100086）
(Dazhongsi Ancient Bell Museum, Beijing,100086)
内容提要：明正德三年守陵官员铸铜钟，现收藏于大钟寺古钟博物馆，为明代负责守陵等官员出资铸造，整体保存较为完好。钟体铸131字铭文，记录年款和捐资铸钟人官职、姓名等内容。作为历史文献的补充，钟体所铸守陵官员，与明代传世的《武职选簿》档案资料中部分陵卫官员履历以及明故天寿山镇守昭勇将军廖公墓志相互印证，为研究明代武官世袭制度提供了较为珍贵的实物资料。同时，其在昌平谯楼悬挂的特殊经历，也成为谯楼被拆除后留存下来的为数不多的实物见证。
关键词:正德三年 守陵官员 铜钟 谯楼 昌平
Abstract: The bronze bell cast by the mausoleum-guarding officials in the third year of the Zhengde Period of the Ming Dynasty (1508) is now preserved in the Dazhongsi Ancient Bell Museum as a fine collection in a good condition. The inscription with 131 characters on the bell shows the casting year of the bell, the names and the official position of the persons who donated money to cast the bell. As a supplement to historical documents, the records of some mausoleum-guarding officials in the archives of the Military Duty Selection Book in the Ming Dynasty and the “epitaph of Liao Gong, the Zhaoyong general guarding in Tianshou mountain of the Ming Dynasty”confirm each other, which provides valuable materials for the study of the hereditary system of military officials in the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, the bell hanging in the watch tower in Changping has also become one of the few witnesses left after the watch tower was demolished.
Key Words: The third year of the Zhengde Period (1508); mausoleum-guarding officials; bronze bell; watch tower; Changping
从上方山永慈寺碑刻看万历初年冯保宦官群体
在京的佛事活动
Research on Buddhism Activities Held by the Eunuch Group Headed by Feng Bao During Early
Years of Wanli Based on the Stone Inscriptions in Yongci Temple of Shangfang Mountain
侯海洋
Hou Haiyang
（北京市文物局综合事务中心，北京，100007）
(Center for General Affairs Affiliated with Beijing Municipal Cultural Heritage Bureau, Beijing, 100007)
内容提要：北京上方山永慈寺遗址的永亨庵颁赐藏经碑与永慈寺护持碑记载了万历四年(1576年)、万历十四年孝定太后颁赐藏经的情况。结合乾清宫管事牌子碑，可知该寺兴建、颁赐藏经事件都与冯保为首的宦官群体有关。通过文献与三通碑刻，可知永慈寺与永亨庵是同一佛寺在不同时间段的两个寺名。《永慈寺护持碑记》中的四至界记反映了以僧侣法号注记四至的罕见现象。上方山永慈寺的兴起以及同时期冯保党羽在京兴寺活动，可以视为万历初年晚明佛教复兴的一例个案。
关键词：永慈寺(永亨庵) 碑刻 颁赐藏经 宦官
Abstract: Two stone inscriptions in Yongci Temple, Shangfang Mountain, Beijing record that Empress Dowager Xiaoding deigned Tripitaka twice in the Wanli period. Combined with the Qianqing Palace Stewardship Tablet, it is clear that the temple construction and the granting of the Tripitaka were related to the eunuch group led by Feng Bao. Meanwhile, the mystery of the name of Yongci Temple and the four boundaries are unearthed from the the above stone inscriptions. The rise of Yongci Temple and the activities of Feng Bao's party during the same period can be regarded as a case of Buddhist revival in the late Ming Dynasty.
Key Words: Yongci Temple; stone inscriptions; grant Tripitaka; eunuch
龙门胜概图碑研究
Research on the Stone Tablet of Longmen Scenery
陈曦
Chen Xi
（广东省博物馆，广州，510623）
(Guangdong Museum, Guangzhou,510623)
内容提要：龙门石窟研究院现藏有龙门胜概图碑一方，又名大龙门图碑，刻制时间为清光绪二十九年（1903年）。此碑详细记录了为迎接前往龙门石窟观游的慈禧太后和光绪皇帝，河南知府文悌等筹金重修龙门两山寺庙的相关事宜。碑面正中线刻的《龙门胜概图》，再现了晚清龙门石窟优美壮丽的风光，其中重点刻画的香山寺、潜溪寺等，对考察清代历史及寺庙建筑有重要的参考价值。
关键词:龙门石窟 龙门胜概图碑 绘画艺术 龙门清代寺庙建筑
Abstract: Stone tablet of Longmen Scenery, also known as Dalongmentu Stele, carved in 1903, is a collection of the Longmen Grottoes Academy. The stele recorded in detail how Wen Ti, the Henan magistrate, raised money to rebuild the temples on the two mountains at Longmen to welcome Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu who went to visit the Longmen Grottoes. The Longmen Scenery, engraved in the middle of the stone tablet, reappears the magnificent scenery of the Longmen Grottoes in the late Qing Dynasty. The Xiangshan Temple and the Qianxi Temple that were mainly depicted have great reference value for the investigation of the history and architecture of the Qing Dynasty.
Key Words: Longmen Grottoes; Stone Tablet of Longmen Scenery; painting art; temple architecture in Longmen Grottoes of Qing Dynasty