专题介绍：青年博物馆人的实践与反思

编者按：

青年博物馆人是博物馆的未来，他们的实践、探索与思考，为博物馆实践乃至博物馆学科建设，增添了新的视角、新的思路、新的方法。本期推出“青年博物馆人的实践与反思”专题，作者多是文博行业的青年博物馆人，他们在藏品征集、展览策划、博物馆教育等方面做了大量具体工作，他们努力提升博物馆学理论水平，积极借鉴国外的相关经验，并在实践中不断思考总结，将理论和实践结合在一起。

本期专题论文，或借助马克思主义哲学理论，提出科学中心向科技类博物馆的回归这一议题，力图建立科技类博物馆、职业教育和国家科技创新之间的联系，发挥科技类博物馆在国家科技创新中的应有作用；或面对多元的当代社会，面对当代史研究中的新材料，提出城市博物馆藏品征集的新思路与举措，力图从更多角度评估当代物证在博物馆中的价值，并将这些物证应用于博物馆工作的各个环节；或进入博物馆策展深层次研究，提出博物馆策展研究的多个维度，试图突破现有博物馆策展叙事模式，促进公众参与；或深入讨论博物馆教育空间的构建与博物馆教育活动的关系，关注博物馆教育中的小众问题；或借鉴国外经验，探索解决博物馆文创发展制约问题的路径，提出发挥博物馆产业孵化器功能的观点。这些来自于博物馆一线的实践与反思，不仅为学界提供了更多的优秀案例，也在一定程度上呼应了学界对博物馆相关问题的思考。

大道恒远，行步日新。期望这些来自于文博一线青年学者的实践与反思，进一步推动新时期博物馆事业的蓬勃发展。

从动手实践到行业实践——技术史视野下科学中心到科学博物馆的转型

From Hands-on Practice to Industry Practice: Reinventing Science Center in the Vision of History of Technology

沈辛成

Shen Xincheng

（上海交通大学科学史与科学文化研究院，上海，200240）

（School of History and Culture of Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240）

内容提要：“实践”概念历经多重演变。在哲学层面，马克思主义哲学对实践的理解超越了理论—实践二分法，将认识世界与改变世界统一起来，其他多门学科也都已揭示科学实践中主体及其利益具有多元性。但今日科学中心仍然避重就轻，注重教具式动手实践，淡化科学的发展历程及其与社会的复杂互动关系。中国科技类博物馆的起源与行业实务紧密相关，清末民初博览会展中的实践是技艺、知识、产业的三者统一，当下激烈的科技竞争要求博物馆再度凸显实践内涵的整体性。科学中心需要借鉴技术史的学科方法，展现技术及其社会关系的发展历程，重拾劝工劝业精神，助力学历型教育向技能型教育的转型。

关键词：实践 科技类博物馆 劝工劝业 技术史 科学中心

Abstract: Practice is an evolving concept. In philosophy, Marxism has integrated one's acknowledge and practice and goes beyond theory-practice dualism. Other schools of thoughts also reveal that practice in science is not free of subjectivity and personal interests. However, science center today remains resistance to these findings. They often downplay the complexity of connections between science and society and solely focuses on the hands-on aspect of practice. When museums were introduced in China in the form of industrial exhibition, those who ran these early versions well understood the pragmatic side of “practice”: craftsmanship, knowledge and industry. China today faces similar challenges when compared to the situation a century ago. Therefore, museums that turn away from social history of technology will not be up to the task of bringing up young talents for the enterprise of scientific innovation. A renaissance of entrepreneurial spirit is now most needed in these institutions when China undergoes the transition from degree-oriented to skill-oriented education.

Key Words: Practice; science and technology museum; entrepreneurial; history of technology; science center

当代物证征藏标准分析

Analysis on Contemporary Material Evidence Collection Criteria

付莹

Fu Ying

（深圳博物馆，深圳，518026）

（Shenzhen Museum, Shenzhen, 518026）

内容提要：为适应拓展博物馆职能和藏品体系的需要，各地日益重视对当代物证的收藏。与传统意义文物有所不同，当代物证在价值判断、征藏范围、类型划分，以及认定和定级等方面有其对应的特点。综合分析，当代物证适宜用历史（当代史）、社会、文化价值，重要纪念意义和教育作用等建构价值判断标准体系，趋向弱化艺术性和科学性两项指标；考察其征藏范围需涉及时空、领域（行业）、人物（事件）和存世情况等因素；当代物证的类型化标准应从一般与特殊两个方面考察；其认定和定级可从客观性、关联性和稀缺性角度，依“特别重要”“重要”“比较重要”“一般”几个档次判断其价值大小。

关键词：当代物证?藏品征集?藏品定级

Abstract: In order to meet the needs of expanding museum functions and collection system, the collection of contemporary material evidence is increasingly emphasized in various places. Different from traditional cultural relics, contemporary material evidence has its own characteristics in value judgment, collection range, classification of types, identification and grading. Comprehensive analysis shows that contemporary material evidence is suitable for historical (contemporary history), social, cultural value, important commemorative significance and educational function, and tends to weaken artistic and scientific indicators. To investigate the scope of its collection, factors such as time and space, field (industry), person (event) and existence are involved. The categorization standard of contemporary material evidence should be investigated from two aspects: general and special. From the perspective of objectivity, relevance and scarcity, its value can be identified and graded according to the levels of “particularly important”, “important”, “relatively important” and “general”.

Key Words: Contemporary material evidence; collection; grading of collection

初探现代博物馆展示语境中的策展研究

Primary Research on Exhibition Curating in Modern Museum

许潇笑

Xu Xiaoxiao

（杭州博物馆，杭州，310002）

（Hangzhou Museum, Hangzhou, 310002）

内容提要：策展的本质是“展示”。物（客体）、人（主体）、空间（场）之间的关系，视觉性为主的体验（观看）与意义的阐释（叙事），构成策展研究分析的主要对象。现代博物馆的策展有自己独特的媒介与模式。一方面，通过叙事制造一个具有视觉性与媒体性的第三空间，具有很强的主客交融的特性；另一方面，内在于策展行为过程中的“公有性”，来源于策展跨学科的生产方式、不同资源的组织与社会协同。

本文尝试通过建立八组概念之间的关系，初步构建博物馆语境中策展研究的框架，包括现代博物馆与收藏、藏品与展品、物与空间、展示与观看、可读性与可写性、身份认同与公共治理、实然与应然、博物馆的泛化与异化。文章梳理现代博物馆展示语境中策展的内在逻辑与意义价值，将它定义为一种基于“物质性”的行为，一种制造“意义语境”的行为，同时是生成“空间叙事”的行为，投射“物”与“自我”关系的行为。同时评述策展的价值与意义，即个体意义与社会价值的生成。

关键词：现代博物馆 展示 策展 物（客体） 空间（场）

Abstract: The essence of curating is “exhibiting”. The multilateral relation among artifacts (object), human-beings (subject), and spaces (place), visual experience (seeing) and interpretation of meanings (narration), constitute the main elements of the curating research. Exhibition curating in modern museum has its unique medium and pattern. On the one hand, exhibition narration creates “a third space” featured with visuality and mediality, which develops a strong inter-subjectivity; on the other hand, “common engagement” inheres in the practical process of curating, which dues to its interdisciplinary production, variety of resource organization and social collaboration.

The essay constructs eight pairs of concepts and relation among them, which is ought to set a primary framework of research on exhibition curating in modern museum. The eight concept-pairings are “modern museum and collection”, “artifacts and exhibits”, “objects and spaces”, “exhibiting and seeing”, “readability and writability”, “identity and public governance”, “values and judgement”, “generalization and alienation of museum”. In the essay, the internal logic and essential value of exhibition curating in modern museum are analyzed, which is defined as the practice based on“materiality”, to make interpretative context of meanings, as well as “narration of spaces/places” and to project relations between object and subject. Finally, the value and meaning of curating is also discussed, that is to produce individual and social meanings.

Key Words: Modern museum; exhibition; curating; artifacts (object); space (place)

试论博物馆教育空间的迭代与升级

On the Iteration and Upgrade of Museum Educational Space

张博文

Zhang Bowen

（北京弘博思远文化科技有限公司，北京，100085）

（Beijing Hongbo Siyuan Culture Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085）

内容提要：近五年来博物馆年均举办教育活动已经超过了20万次，博物馆已经逐渐成为社会教育的“第二课堂”，向中小学生传播文化知识已然成为新形势下博物馆教育的一大重要功能。而与此同时，承载博物馆教育活动的空间也在发生着转型与变化。本文将通过梳理博物馆教育空间在发展过程中经历的三个阶段，并从新馆建设教育空间的合理规划，借鉴其他教育场所和商业空间的设计经验，有效整合形成折叠教育空间，补充图书室以及交流空间，保证人员与展品和藏品安全的要求等方面；对博物馆教育空间优化提出意见与建议，以期为未来博物馆教育空间的规划与设计提供借鉴与参考。

关键词：博物馆教育 教育空间 展教合一 教育形式

Abstract: In the past five years, museums have held more than 200,000 educational activities per year, museums have gradually become the “second class” of social education, they enhance the awareness and appreciation of traditional culture by primary and middle school students. It is an important task for museums to perform their education function in the new situation, at the same time, the space that carries the educational activities of the museum is undergoing transformation and changes. This article will sort out the three stages that the museum educational space has experienced in the development process, and give advice on the setting of the educational space from the construction of the new museum, and how to improve the utilization rate of the existing educational space in the old museum, with a view to provide a reference for planning and design of educational space for future museum.

Key Words: Museum education; educational space; integrating exhibition and education into one; education form

博物馆创新支持服务路径探索

Exploration About Innovative Path of Museums

陈晖

Chen Hui

（西湖博物馆总馆，杭州，310002）

（West Lake Museum, Hangzhou, 310002）

内容提要：博物馆孵化器的出现为博物馆增添了新的功能。博物馆通过形成孵化器、创新中心、联合办公、加速器等新功能，发挥了社会公益的作用。本文通过多家国外实际案例的分析，总结归纳出国外创新中心、联合办公空间、孵化器、加速器等四种模式，并将其与国内现阶段博物馆空间支持、孵化支持、跨行业支持三种创新支持服务模式进行对比分析，分析博物馆创新支持服务发展的态势，并对国内博物馆创新支持体系的路径建设提出建议。

关键词：孵化器 加速器 联合办公 创新中心 博物馆

Abstract: The emergence of museum incubator adds a new function of museum. The museum has achieved public benefit effect by forming new functions such as incubator, innovation center, co-working and accelerator. Through the analysis of several actual cases, this paper sums up four foreign patterns, such as innovation center, the co-working space, incubator, accelerator, and three domestic patterns, such as space support, incubator support, cross-industry support. By comparing domestic and foreign models, the development trend of museum innovation support service is analyzed, some suggestions are put forward on the path construction of innovation support system for domestic museums.

Key Words: Incubator; accelerator; co-working; innovation center; museum