专题介绍：博物馆儿童观众研究
编者按：
中国博物馆经过十多年发展的“黄金期”，数量飞速增长，博物馆教育和观众服务水平逐步提高。与此同时，越来越多的家庭选择把博物馆当作学习的场所，对博物馆儿童观众的研究也因此变得既重要又迫切。这就要求包括教育团队、策展团队在内的博物馆专业人士必须了解儿童观众的身心发展特征和行为习惯，掌握博物馆儿童观众的教育方法，策划出满足儿童观众学习需要的展览和活动，并在实践中不断评估、反思和优化。
北京师范大学教育学部中国儿童博物馆教育研究中心与南京博物院、上海自然博物馆、广东美术馆、中国儿童中心老牛儿童探索馆联合开展了儿童观众研究课题。联合课题团队在过去一年中，经历了“从树立评估思维，到学习数据收集方法，再到最后解读数据”一系列研究过程，产出了一批有价值的实证报告及研究成果，本期专题中有四篇文章即源自于此，希望能给致力于服务儿童观众的博物馆同仁带来启发。我们相信，研究与实践的结合既是一套完整的工作流程，更是一种严谨的工作精神。
博物馆亲子教育活动的反思与改进
Reflection and Improvement on Museum's Educational Activities for Family Visitors
邓卓 刘楠 舒琛 杨梦霞 于雪梅 唐智婷
Deng Zhuo Liu Nan Shu Chen Yang Mengxia Yu Xuemei Tang Zhiting
［上海自然博物馆（上海科技馆分馆），上海，200041］
[Shanghai Natural History Museum (Branch of Shanghai Science & Technology Museum), Shanghai, 200041]
内容提要：亲子家庭是博物馆的重要参观群体，越来越多的博物馆开始为家庭观众提供教育服务。观察研究上海自然博物馆（上海科技馆分馆）的亲子教育活动“蝶翅飞舞”，发现在活动过程中亲子之间的互动非常少，与理想化的亲子教育活动相差甚远。因此，本文从活动目标的设置、内容的选择和组织几个维度出发对活动进行了反思和优化，进一步分析总结改进后活动中的家长身份认知、亲子之间的互动和活动的实施效果。最后，从如何策划亲子教育活动、博物馆如何看待与家长的关系以及如何促进博物馆中的亲子互动三个层面出发，针对博物馆实施亲子教育活动提出建议。
关键词：博物馆 亲子教育活动 亲子互动
Abstract: Family visitors are important visiting groups in museums. More and more museums begin to provide educational services for family visitors. This study observed the educational activity Butterfly Wings Flying which designed for family groups with children in Shanghai Natural History Museum (Branch of Shanghai Science & Technology Museum). We found that parent-child interactions are less, which was far from an ideal activity for family groups. The study reflects on how to design the activity objectives and how to select the appropriate contents. The study also summarizes parents' roles, parents-children talks, and what parents and children have learned from the activity. We give some suggestions on how to design family activities, how to look on the relationship between museum and parents, and how to promote parent-child interactions in museum.
Key Words: Museum; educational activities for family visitors; parent-child interaction
会员家庭对儿童博物馆教育项目的认知与评价研究
Research on Member's Cognition and Evaluation for the Education Projects of Children's Museum
尚修芹 林隽乔 赵雅琴
Shang Xiuqin Lin Junqiao Zhao Yaqin
（中国儿童中心，北京，100035）
(China National Children's Center, Beijing, 100035)
内容提要：本研究立足于场馆艺术工作坊教育项目，采用行动研究方式进行，探讨会员家庭对其的认知与评价，以期更好地提升教育服务水平。研究首先梳理了如何设计艺术工作坊教育项目，接着在教育项目实施过程中选取12组经常来馆的家庭观众，运用录像观察和深度访谈的方法获悉他们的认知与评价，最后基于这些认知评价对场馆教育项目进行反思，并提出相应改进建议。
关键词：会员家庭 儿童博物馆教育项目 认知与评价 老牛儿童探索馆
Abstract: This research is established on the educational activities at the art workshop. In order to improve the museum's educational service, this research adopts action research method and further discusses the members' cognition and evaluation about educational activities. Firstly, the research sorts out the process of how to design an activity. In the followed implementation, we take 12 audiences and their families who came the most as the researching samples. We learn their evaluation by recording and deep interview. In the final step, the suggestions for improvement are made, referring to the feedback and self-examination.
Key Words: Membership families; Children's Museum education projects; cognition and evaluation; Children's Discovery Museum
通过亲子对话研究提升南博参观满意度
Improving Visit Satisfaction of Nanjing Museum through Parent-child Dialogue Research
王维宇 郑晶 高梦琛
Wang Weiyu Zheng Jing Gao Mengchen
（1.南京博物院，南京，210016；2.中国大运河博物馆，扬州，225003）
(1. Nanjing Museum, Nanjing, 210016; 2. China Grand Canal Museum, Yangzhou, 225003)
内容提要：提升参观满意度是南京博物院（简称“南博”）的重要工作目标。亲子对话是家庭参观时的主要交流方式。亲子对话研究可就对话本身的问题，给出改进建议，提升亲子的参观体验；还能发掘亲子家庭的兴趣点，完善教育活动，进一步提升亲子家庭的满意度。本文采用学习型对话编码和卡片排序等方法，对南博历史馆内参观的30组4—6岁儿童家庭的亲子对话进行分析研究，以期提升南博的参观满意度。
关键词：分众教育 参观满意度 亲子对话 卡片排序法
Abstract: Improving visit satisfaction is an important objective of Nanjing Museum. Parent-child dialogue is the main way of communication for family visitors. Analysis of these dialogues will help the museum researchers provide useful communication supports and develop more interesting and educational activities to enhance the family visit experience. Therefore, 30 groups of parent-child dialogues with children aged 4-6 visiting the history gallery were collected and analyzed by learning-dialogue coding and card ordering, through literature searching and the research methods provided in the First Research Network of Children Visitors.
Key Words: Demassified education; visit satisfaction; parent-child dialogue; cards ordering
DIY评估在美术馆教育中的应用——以“我心中的美术馆·小学生第一课”为例
Applying DIY Evaluation in Art Museum Education: A Case Study of GDMoA Educational Program Conceiving My Art Museum, The First Lesson For Primary Students
刘端玲 叶小青 宁妮娅
Liu Duanling Ye Xiaoqing Ning Niya
（广东美术馆，广州，510105）
(Guangdong Museum of Art, Guangzhou, 510105)
内容提要：当代博物馆强调“以人为中心”的理念，使得观众研究成为展览以及教育活动策划与实施的重要基础。因此，博物馆的实践人员也应具有评估思维和观众研究的基础能力，并将其运用到日常的工作实践中，以推动项目开展。广东美术馆参与了北京师范大学教育学部中国儿童博物馆教育研究中心的“儿童观众研究”课题，将DIY评估运用到公共教育项目“我心中的美术馆·小学生第一课”的策划及实践过程之中，形成了评估思维、评估方法与项目相融合的工作模式。
关键词：DIY评估 评估思维 观众研究 美术馆 儿童教育项目
Abstract: The concept of "people-oriented " has been emphasized by the museums, which makes the visitor study an important foundation for design and implementation of exhibitions and educational programs. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of programs, the evaluative thinking, the ability of visitor studies and the application to daily practice are essential for museum practitioners. Through the participation of the Children Audience Studies Program held by the CMRC from Faculty of Education at Beijing Normal University, Guangdong Museum of Art has been applying the evaluative thinking throughout the process of designing and practicing of the educational program Conceiving My Art Museum, The First Lesson for Primary Students, and finally brought about a working pattern that integrates evaluative thinking, methods and projects.
Key Words: DIY evaluation; evaluative thinking; visitor study; art museum; educational programs for children
科技博物馆参观前中后三阶段学习模式的优势——基于两种学习模式及其效果的质性比较研究
Advantages of the Pre-visit, During-the-visit and Post-visit Stages Learning Model in Science Museums: A Comparative Qualitative Study Based on Two Learning Modes and Their Effects
谢娟 季娇 尚修芹
Xie Juan Ji Jiao Shang Xiuqin
（1.中国儿童中心，北京，100035；2.中南大学马克思主义学院，长沙，410083）
(1. China National Children's Center, Beijing, 100035; 2. Institute of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha, 410083)
内容提要：科技博物馆与学校教育相结合，是当前科学教育的发展趋势。为了更好地发挥科技博物馆服务学校科学教育的作用，有必要探索学生在科技博物馆中最有效的参观学习模式。本研究采用访谈法，比较了“参观前准备—参观中探究—参观后跟进”的学习模式与仅仅直接参观科技博物馆的学习模式对小学五年级学生的影响。研究发现，两种博物馆学习模式均能有效促进小学生在积极情感态度、探究行为和浅层认知方面的提升。相比较而言，参观前中后三阶段学习模式对学生深层理解展品原理和形成新的科学概念则有更加明显的促进作用。
关键词：科技博物馆 学习模式 参观前中后三阶段 准备活动 跟进活动
Abstract: Integrating science museums in the formal school education system has been valued by current education field. In order to fulfill the educational mission of science museums, it is necessary to explore effective learning modes for students. Accordingly, this study adopted interview as a research method, with a purpose to compare the effectiveness of "Pre-visit activities —Visiting— Post-visit activities " mode (PVP) and only visiting mode (V) on fifth grade students' learning outcomes. The results showed that: (1) PVP and V can effectively promote elementary students in positive emotional attitude, exploring behavior and shallow cognition improvement; (2) PVP has a more significant role in promoting students' deep understanding of the exhibits and the formation of new scientific concepts.
Key Words: Science museum; learning model; pre-visit, during-the-visit and post-visit stages; pre-visit activities; post-visit activities