专题介绍：博物馆学的形塑与分支
编者按：
1987年和2008年，中国博物馆学界曾先后发起过两次笔谈。两次笔谈所处的背景不同，但核心议题都无法离开博物馆学研究什么、博物馆学与博物馆实践的关系是什么、如何建立中国学派的博物馆学体系等问题。
此后十几年，中国博物馆事业一直处于高速发展中。目前，我国已有博物馆五千余座，进行了大量的博物馆实践，涌现出众多博物馆新现象，为博物馆学的理论建设提出了新的议题，亟需博物馆学界做出回应和评价。同时，高校的博物馆学研究也发展迅速，学科专业化的问题屡被谈及。有鉴于此，本期推出“博物馆学的形塑与分支”专题，试图对十几年来博物馆实践发展做一些回应，并展示我国博物馆学人对博物馆学体系理论与方法的思考。
本期专题回顾了20世纪80年代以来中国博物馆学界的理论热点，讨论了相关学科和新博物馆学对博物馆学理论研究和博物馆实践的影响，回应了“讲好中国故事”“馆校合作”等社会热点，提出了“从离身到具身的博物馆”“博物馆学与新文科建设”等议题。特别感谢杭侃老师汇聚了这一批“80后”“90后”的高校学者，他们不仅是在改革开放的大潮下成长起来的新一代博物馆学人，而且也在博物馆学不同分支领域的研究中各有所长。他们的研究既借鉴国际博物馆界的最新理论成果，又没有脱离中国特色的博物馆实践。他们对博物馆学的认识，体现了中国博物馆学的国际化与国际博物馆学的中国化。
中国博物馆学在发展，中国博物馆学人在成长。我们期待中国博物馆学研究出现更多新的思考、新的观点、新的理论。
博物馆的不变与变：致敬苏东海先生
The Invariability and Variation of Museum: A Salute to Sir Su Donghai
杭侃
Hang Kan
（北京大学中国考古学研究中心，北京，100871；云冈研究院，大同，037007）
（Center for the Study of Chinese Archaeology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871; Yungang Academy, Datong, 037007）
内容提要：博物馆本身具有经典性，对于今天的博物馆学来说，亟需解决的问题依然在于如何理解和发掘经典的意义。博物馆自身同时也处在社会变化的影响当中，但是依然需要对博物馆的核心使命有更清醒的认识。
关键词：经典性 博物馆定义 社会变化 博物馆学
Abstract: The developing of museum is based on the persuasion of classics. One of the most urgent issue of museology is still understanding and interpretation of classics. Also, social development has huge in?uences on museums, which calls for a clearer understanding about museum’s core mission.
Key Words: Classic; museum definition; social development; museology
20世纪80年代中国博物馆学研究检视
Review on Research Progresses of Chinese Museology in the 1980s
刘迪
Liu Di
（江西师范大学，南昌，330022）
（Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022）
内容提要：20世纪80年代是中国博物馆学发展的关键时期。通过梳理这一时期文献，清理出该时期博物馆学领域的主要研究版块：博物馆史、博物馆教育、博物馆类型、博物馆管理、博物馆效益、博物馆陈列展览、观众研究和博物馆学构建，其中博物馆学构建是这一时期的核心议题。20世纪80年代博物馆学研究在学术史上具有承上启下的意义：既是对民国、中华人民共和国成立十七年（1949—1966）来博物馆学研究的扬弃，也为中国当代博物馆学研究奠基。
关键词：博物馆学 20世纪80年代 学术史 学术回顾 历史地位
Abstract: 1980s is a critical period for the progress of museology in China. By combing the document of this period, the main research sections in the field of museology are sorted out: museum history, museum education, museum types, museum management, museum benefits, museum display and exhibition, audience research, and museology construction, among which the construction of museology is the core issue. The research of museology in the 1980s has a link between the past and the next in academic history: it is not only the sublation of museology in the period of the Republic of China and the first seventeen years of the People’s Republic of China (1949-1966), but also the foundation of contemporary museology in China.
Key Words: Museology; 1980s; academic history; academic review; historical role
展览叙事：从方法到视角
Narrative in Exhibition: Methods and Perspective
许捷
Xu Jie
（浙江大学，杭州，310058）
（Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058）
内容提要：当“讲好中国故事”蔚然成风，策展人和设计师都迫切地想找到运用展览讲述故事的方法。然而展览的叙事研究本身并不生产引人入胜的故事，对展览的叙事分析不仅是为了探索展览的故事结构，也是为了探讨展览所呈现的文化现象和讲述视角。同时，作为一种方法的展览叙事，是理解我们所生活世界的视角，也为个体对抗宏大叙事与权威话语提供了新的可能性。
关键词：展览 叙事 讲好中国故事
Abstract: In the trend of "telling China’s stories well”, museums have been embracing narrative, and curators and designers are eager to find a technical way to tell stories in exhibitions. However, the narrative research of the exhibition does not produce fascinating stories. The narrative analysis of the exhibition is not only to explore the story structure of the exhibition, but also to explore the cultural phenomenon and the perspective of the display. Meanwhile, as a method, narrative in exhibition is a perspective to understand the world in which we live, as well as provides new possibilities for individuals to confront grand narratives and authoritative discourse.
Key Words: Exhibition; narrative; telling China’s stories well
以知识与情感为着力点的未来博物馆学
The Future Museology: Museum as Public Intellectual and Emotional Influencer
王思怡
Wang Siyi
（上海大学，上海，200444）
（Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444）
内容提要：博物馆学是从对文化遗产保护和利用实践的记录和描述开始的，因此也见证了其从研究对象到研究理念上的转向。博物馆的诸多改革与创新也在一定程度上影响着博物馆学研究的更新与扩展。作为公共知识人的博物馆促使博物馆传播研究从单向到双向的转变，而这样的转变影响着博物馆从展现集体的群像过渡到对个人的关照。因此，博物馆学的情感研究也因此展现了从离身向具身的发展趋势。未来博物馆学的研究将更多地将知识与情感作为两大支柱，记录与描述更多体验导向的对博物馆收藏、展示、教育、研究的思考。
关键词：博物馆学 双向 具身 体验
Abstract: Museology began with the documentation and description of cultural heritage conservation and utilization, and thus has witnessed a shift from the material studies to its philosophical dimension. The many reforms and innovations in museums have also influenced, to some extent, the renewal and expansion of museological research. Museum as public intellectual has contributed to a transform within museum communication research from a soliloquist to the interactive model, and this shift has influenced the transition from presenting collective group images to caring for individuals. As a result, the study of emotions in museology has shown an increasingly change from the disembodied to the embodied. In the future, museological research will progressively apply knowledge and emotion as two pillars to document and describe more experience-oriented re?ections on museum collections, displays, education, and research.
Key Words: Museology; double-sided; embody; experience
新博物馆学：基于阐释与反思的解读
Interpreting and Reflecting the New Museology
尹凯
Yin Kai
（山东大学文化遗产研究院，青岛，266237）
（Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237）
内容提要：作为博物馆世界的一场革命，新博物馆学不仅深刻改变了自维多利亚时代以来所形成的博物馆价值体系，而且成为书写当代博物馆的时代转型、发展趋势与未来走向的“标配”。从既有研究来看，新博物馆学没有一个确切的定义。吊诡的是，这一具有多重意涵和复杂所指的复数概念在博物馆世界却隐含着某种共通性的默契与共识。时至今日，新博物馆学早已褪去了昔日的光环与锋芒，犹如“老妇人”般回望来时之路。在这种情况下，重新梳理、阐释与反思新博物馆学显得尤为必要，这不仅有助于澄清某些基本认识与关键议题，而且也提供了思考博物馆未来发展的契机。
关键词：新博物馆学 传统博物馆学 博物馆 社会议题
Abstract: As a revolution in the museum world, new museology has not only profoundly changed the value system of museums since the Victorian era, but also becomes the "standard equipment”when we consider the transformation, development and future of contemporary museums. There is no one precise definition of new museology in the established studies. Paradoxically, this plural concept, with its multiple meanings and complex references, implies a common understanding and consensus in the museum world. Today, the new museology has long shed its former glamour and sharpness. In this context, it is particularly necessary to understand, interpret, and re?ect on the new museology, which not only helps to clarify basic understandings and key issues, but also provides an opportunity to think about the future development of museums.
Key Words: New museology; traditional museology; museums; social issues
新博物馆学的引入、发展与未来
The Introduction, Development and Future of New Museology
王思渝
Wang Siyu
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 1000871）
内容提要：新博物馆学在我国的引入和积累并不一定能促成一个更为学理化的现代学科的发展，它自身的脉络也存在着分散性和不统一性。但是，通过梳理其不同脉络的发展路径也依然能够看到，其在对博物馆“物”性的反思、“自下而上”等问题上仍然有共通之处。新博物馆学在我国不一定已然“成功”或“失败”，作为一个研究话题，其仍有诸多研究方向值得展开。
关键词：新博物馆学 现代学科 发展脉络 物 社区
Abstract: The introduction and developing of new museology in China didn’t necessarily lead to the mature of museology as one modern discipline. The branches of new museology are still scattered and un-unified. Meanwhile, there are still some common grounds of such branches, such as re?ection on the museum object, or pursuing of grass-roots development. The success of new museology in China is still questionable, but as one of the researching subjects, there are still much more meaningful issues to develop.
Key Words: New museology; modern discipline; developing routes; object; community
人类学何以为能？整体观视角下的博物馆研究
What does Anthropology Do? Museum Studies under the Holistic Perspective
杜辉
Du Hui
（西南民族大学旅游与历史文化学院，成都，610041）
（School of Tourism, History, and Culture, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041）
内容提要：博物馆与人类学具有深厚的共生关系。自20世纪70年代晚期，由博物馆的人类学实践发展为理论化的博物馆人类学。人类学认识论、理论体系和民族志极大拓展了博物馆学研究的范畴和方法，尤其在21世纪全球化、命运共同体与超级多元时代背景下，人类学整体观视角对于在宏观文化、社会语境中把握复杂的博物馆现象，推动理论构想的实践与应用，完善博物馆研究方法论具有意义。
关键词：博物馆人类学 整体观 全球性 主体间性
Abstract: Museums coexist with anthropology. Anthropological practices have developed from anthropological practices in museums to theorized museum anthropology. The anthropological epistemology, theoretical system and ethnography expand the scopes and methods of museum studies, especially in the context of globalization, community with a shared future and super-diversity in the 21th century, anthropological holistic perspective apparently help to grasp complicated museum phenomena in macroscopic cultural and social contexts, promote theoretical imagination to practice and application, and advance methodology of museum studies.
Key Words: Museum anthropology; holistic perspective; globalization; intersubjectivity
博物馆教育理论及其发展初探：内涵、发展和未来
The Primary Studies on Theory of Museum Education: Content, Development and Future
周婧景 马梦媛
Zhou Jingjing Ma Mengyuan
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：本文在梳理教育理论相关概念的基础上，尝试界定博物馆教育理论之内涵。通过厘清教育理论内容构成，反思教育理论自身局限，梳理由教育理论研究到博物馆教育理论研究的发展历程，将博物馆教育理论研究划分成17世纪末到20世纪30年代、20世纪40年代到70年代末、20世纪80年代至今三阶段。从中发现问题并尝试对博物馆教育理论研究的发展趋势做出预判：立足博物馆教育和对象的特殊性；重视教育学理论的内容构成及其关联启示；参与构建教育生态系统。
关键词：博物馆教育理论 阶段划分 发展趋势
Abstract: On the basis of combing the relevant conceptions, people in the study field have been endeavoring to define the connotation of the educational theory of the museum. Based on the combing of the composition of the content and the reflection of the limitations of the educational theory, they are relating them to the researches of the educational theory of the museum, exploring the transition and the development from the researches on the educational theory to that of the museum. In accordance with that, the researches of the educational theory of the museum have been divided into 3 periods: From around the end of 1600s’ to the end of the 1930s’, from the 1940s’ to the end of the 1970s’, and from the1980s’ to now. The division is made to figure out the problems and a prediction on the developing trend of the educational theory of the museum is tried to be made: emphasizing the composition and of the content and its correlated enlightenment of the educational theory on the basis of the particularity of the museum education and the objects, and joining building the ecological system of the education.
Key Words: The educational theory of the museum; division of the period; developing trend
发挥“课程”在我国博物馆与中小学教育结合中的主渠道作用
Implementing the Role of "Curriculum” as the Main Channel in the Combination of Museums and Elementary & Secondary School Education in China
郑奕 骆云卿
Zheng Yi Luo Yunqing
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：近年来，在党中央的关心与推动下，文教部门和单位越来越重视博物馆与中小学教育结合事业发展，先后制定了相关政策。鉴于该工作同时涉及社会教育和学校教育，并唯有通过学校教育方可实现制度化，故相关政策优化要进一步基于师生、学校需求，深化制度的供给侧结构性改革。其中，关键是践行“一体两翼”。“一体两翼”指我国博物馆与中小学教育结合以“课程”作为“一体”，以“考试评价”与“招生选拔”作为“两翼”，且“两翼”通过“综合素质评价”串联。其中，课程贯穿于中小学的全过程，在此仅就作为主渠道的日常课程教学展开探讨，以期为我国文教结合、馆校合作贡献智力支持。
关键词：博物馆 中小学 教育 课程 制度设计
Abstract: In recent years, under the care and promotion of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the cultural and educational departments have paid more and more attention to the combination of museums learning and elementary & secondary school education, successively formulating relevant policies. Since such work involves both social education and school education, it can only be institutionalized through school education. Thus relevant policy optimization needs to be further based on the needs of teachers, students and schools, deepening the supply-side structural reform of the system. In such process, the key is to practice "one body and two wings”. "One body and two wings” refers to "curriculum” as "one body”, "examination judgement” and "admission selection” as "two wings”, and the "two wings” are connected through "comprehensive quality evaluation”. Among all these, curriculum runs through the entire process of elementary and secondary schools, and thus this article focuses on the daily curriculum teaching as the main channel, expecting to contribute intellectual support to the integration of culture and education as well as the cooperation between museums and schools in China.
Key Words: Museum; elementary and secondary school; education; curriculum; institutional design
新文科建设背景下我国博物馆学的发展
The Development of Museology in China under the Background of New Liberal Arts Construction
黄洋
Huang Yang
（南京师范大学，南京，210023）
（Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023）
内容提要：当下，教育部推行的新文科建设旨在突破传统文科的思维模式，以继承与创新、交叉与融合、协同与共享为主要途径，促进多学科交叉与深度融合，推动传统文科的更新升级。目前，我国存在着博物馆学人才培养与博物馆实际需求不匹配、博物馆学知识结构不清晰、课程教学体系不完善等问题。面对新文科建设的要求和目标，博物馆学应重新审视学科的变化，寻求学科生存发展的空间。我们要优化博物馆学专业、加强博物馆学教材建设、让科技赋能博物馆学发展，关键是要坚持中国博物馆学的专业化，不断为中国及世界博物馆事业发展贡献智慧和力量。
关键词：新文科 博物馆学教育 中国特色博物馆学 博物馆学专业化 课程设置 人才培养
Abstract: At present, the new liberal arts construction implemented by the Ministry of Education aims to break through the thinking mode of traditional liberal arts, take inheritance and innovation, intersection and integration, coordination and sharing as the main way, so as to promote multi-disciplinary intersection and in-depth integration and drive the renewal and upgrading of traditional liberal arts. At present, Chinese museology education is facing many problems, including the mismatch between the training of museology talents and the actual needs of museums, the unclear knowledge structure of museology, and the imperfect curriculum teaching system. Facing the requirements and objectives of the new liberal arts construction, the changes of the discipline of museology should be re-examined, so as to seek the space for the survival and development of the discipline. We should optimize the museology specialty, strengthen the construction of museology teaching materials, and enable science and technology to enable the development of museology, especially adhere to the specialization of Chinese museology, so as to continuously contribute wisdom and strength to the development of museums in China and the world.
Key Words: New liberal arts; museology education; museology with Chinese characteristics; specialization of museology; curriculum offering; talent construction