专题介绍：古代物质文化探究
编者按：
所谓物质文化，是人类为满足自身生存与发展需要所创造的物质产品总和的统称。中国作为历史悠久的文明古国，在漫长的历史发展过程中所创造的古代物质文化几乎涉及所有方面且都居于世界前列。这些古代物质文化时代悠远、材质多样、用途广泛，在讲好中国古代故事方面占有重要地位。因此，如何阐释、解读这些古代物质文化，更好地为讲好中国古代故事服务显得尤为重要。
本期研究之对象，时代上自两周，下迄明清；材质囊括青铜、瓷、石、竹、棉、琉璃；用途涵盖文房、军事、生活、宗教。作者通过实地调查、文物观察、文献比较等方法进行研究解读，从独特视角阐发新知，讲好其中的故事。
当前，新冠疫情防控成效卓然，但形势依然严峻。学界同仁坚守初心，兢兢业业，为文博事业孜孜以求，奉献力量。功不唐捐，玉汝于成，《博物院》期刊与学界同仁共勉。期待新年悄至，春暖花开。
两周时期扁茎柳叶形青铜短剑区域差异研究
Regional Differences of Flat-stemmed Willow-leaf-shaped Bronze Daggers in Western and
Eastern Zhou Dynasties
方晴 金梦
Fang Qing Jin Meng
（南京大学历史学院，南京，210023）
（School of History, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023）
内容提要：扁茎柳叶形青铜短剑或称巴蜀式青铜剑，除在中国西南地区流行外，其他地区也有一定数量的发现。陕西和巴蜀地区不仅在出土数量上悬殊，时代、形制和文化内涵也存在明显差异，很可能反映了两个不同的文化系统。扁茎柳叶形青铜短剑具有作为实用和身份象征的双重含义，且其作为身份象征的含义在陕西和巴蜀地区有所不同。在陕西地区，扁茎柳叶形青铜短剑是贵族、等级的象征，而在巴蜀地区则仅仅是武士身份的象征。
关键词：扁茎柳叶形青铜短剑 地域差异 文化系统 贵族 武士
Abstract: The flat-stemmed willow-leaf-shaped bronze daggers, or the Bashu-style bronze swords, have been found in a number of places in addition to its popularity in southwest China. This article first reviews the academic history of related research and finds that little attention has been paid to the comparison of regional characteristics of this type of sword in previous studies. Therefore, based on archeological materials, a comparative study of flat-stemmed willow-leaf-shaped bronze daggers in Shaanxi and Sichuan is carried out and its dual meaning as a symbol of nobility and a symbol of warrior status is explained.
Key Words: Flat-stemmed willow-leaf-shaped bronze daggers; regional characteristics; cultural system; nobility; warrior
五一广场东汉简所见“史白开”类简考释
——兼谈东汉文书签收的几个特点
Textual Research on the Shibaikai (史白开) Type of Bamboo Slips on the Wuyi Square
Bamboo Slips: On the Characteristics of Signing Document in the Eastern Han Dynasty
李凯凯
Li Kaikai
（中国社会科学出版社，北京，100720）
（China Social Sciences Press, Beijing, 100720）
内容提要：五一广场东汉简所见“史白开”类简背面的内容比较特殊，是发件方提前书写的签收记录格套，留待收件方填写。“白开”二字的含义与西北简签收记录中的“奏发”“白发”含义相同，可理解为“向上级官员报告、开封”。五一广场东汉简反映出的东汉地方公文书签收的特点，体现着秦、西汉与东汉制度的一脉相承，同时又透露出汉代文书行政中制度性规定与实际操作层面的微妙差距。
关键词：五一广场东汉简 “史白开” 文书签收 文书行政
Abstract: The contents on the back of bamboo slips about Shibaikai (史白开) on Wuyi bamboo slips are quite special. It is a register set written in advance by the sender and left for the receiver to fill in. The meaning of Baikai (白开) is the same as that of Zoufa (奏发) and Baifa (白发) in the record of signing in the northwest bamboo slips, which can be understood as “reporting to the superior officials and unseal”. Wuyi bamboo slips reflect the characteristics of signing for local official documents in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which shows that the systems of Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasty are in the same line. At the same time, it reveals the subtle gap between the institutional provisions and the actual operation level in the administration of documents in the Han Dynasty.
Key Words: Bamboo slips of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Wuyi Square; Shibaikai (史白开); signing
document; document administration
隋张盛墓出土双陆棋盘考辨
Research on the Shuanglu Chessboard Unearthed from Zhangsheng’s Tomb of Sui Dynasty
蔡 杰
Cai Jie
（河南博物院，郑州，450002）
（Henan Museum, Zhengzhou, 450002）
内容提要：双陆棋多见于文献记载，但此前已知最早的文物实物为陕西隋舍利墓出土的双陆子，还未见到双陆棋盘。经查阅历史文献，对比隋唐以来墓葬出土实物，可以确定河南博物院藏安阳张盛墓出土白釉瓷长方形明器应为隋代双陆棋盘，而且是我国目前已知最早的双陆棋盘。它为我们研究隋代体育文化提供了难得的实物资料，具有重要的历史价值。
关键词：张盛墓 双陆棋 隋代 体育
Abstract: Shuanglu is often seen in the literature. The earliest physical objects are unearthed in a monk’s tomb of Sui Dynasty in Shaanxi. A white glazed porcelain rectangular ware is unearthed from Zhangsheng’s tomb in Anyang. After consulting relevant historical documents and comparing the unearthed objects in the tombs since the Sui and Tang dynasties, we can be determined that it should be the earliest unearthed Shuanglu chessboard in China. It is a rare physical material to study the physical education of the Sui Dynasty, and has important historical value.
Key Words: Tomb of Zhang Sheng; Shuanglu; Sui Dynasty; physical education
唐邹鸾昉墓志疏证
Textural Research on Zou Luanfang’s Epitaph of Tang Dynasty
卢亚辉
Lu Yahui
（中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100101）
（Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100101）
内容提要：邹鸾昉墓志是新近刊布的石刻资料，通过该墓志可知《朝野佥载》记载的邹骆驼、《两京新记》中述及的邹凤炽，原型均为邹鸾昉墓志中的邹炽。邹炽作为巨商，与康婆、郭君祖上等凭借雄厚的经济实力参与李唐建国事，后置邸隆政坊，其父邹宝、祖邹敬分别被追封为洛阳县令、冯翊郡守。邹炽子邹鸾昉曾在许王李孝的府中任职。
关键词：邹鸾昉 邹炽 邹骆驼 邹凤炽 墓志
Abstract: Zou Luanfang’s epitaph is the latest published stone inscriptions. Through the epitaph, this paper points out that the prototypes of Zou Luotuo recorded in Chao Ye Qian Zai and Zou Fengchi recorded in the Liang Jing Xin Ji are Zou Chi in Zou Luanfang’s epitaph. Zou Chi, as a great businessman, joined in the founding of the Tang Dynasty with Kang Po and Guo Jun’s grandpa. Later, Zou Chi set up his residence in Longzheng Fang. His father and grandpa, namely Zou Bao and Zou Jing, were respectively pursued as the county magistrate of Luoyang of the Sui Dynasty and the prefecture governor of Ping yi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Zou Luanfang, namely Zou Chi’s son, once served in the mansion of Xu Wang Li Xiao.
Key Words: Zou Luanfang; Zou Chi; Zou Luotuo; Zou Fengchi; epitaph
山东博山大街窑出土青釉印花瓷探考*
Exploration on Celadon with Moulded Design Excavated from
the Dajie Kiln Site of Boshan in Shandong
么彬 王滨
Yao Bin Wang Bin
（淄博市博物馆，淄博，255035）
（Zibo Museum, Zibo, 255035）
内容提要：1982年，山东淄博博山大街窑址发掘清理出一大批陶瓷标本。该窑址不见于文献记载，使得这批资料更为珍贵。其中，青釉印花瓷器是其代表性产品，器形以碗、盘为主，纹饰有缠枝牡丹、缠枝菊花、折枝牡丹、凤穿牡丹、云气纹、鱼龙纹、海水牡丹等。通过与耀州窑、定窑产品的对比发现，大约在北宋晚期陕西耀州窑的装饰题材经河南地区传入山东淄博，影响了博山大街窑。
关键词：博山大街窑 青釉印花瓷 耀州窑 定窑
Abstract: In 1982, a large number of ceramic specimens were excavated from the Dajie kiln site of Boshan in Zibo, Shandong. The absence of the kiln site from documentary records makes these materials even more valuable. In this paper, the representative celadon with moulded design is selected, and the shape and decoration of the porcelain are analyzed and explained, and the comparison between the celadon with moulded design of Dajie kiln and the representative porcelain with moulded design of Yaozhou kiln and Ding kiln in the north is made.
Key Words: Dajie kiln site of Boshan; celadon with moulded design; Yaozhou kiln; Ding kiln
从“龙泉天下”到“天下龙泉”
——元明时期龙泉窑对外输出方式的变革
From Products Export to Technology Export:
The Reform of the Export Mode of Longquan Kilns in Yuan and Ming Dynasties
沈岳明
Shen Yueming
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：龙泉窑在北宋时期便已展开外销，并在南宋时期得到蓬勃发展，但其外销产品与内销产品并无区别。从元代开始，龙泉窑开始有意识地根据海外不同地区人们的生活偏好和民俗习惯来生产瓷器，对海外市场进行了全方位的输出，形成了“龙泉天下”的总体流布格局。到了明初，由于实行海禁政策，龙泉窑瓷器的生产和销售受到了很大的影响。部分当地窑场和窑工为了生计，慢慢将生产转移到了当时管控较松的粤东、闽南地区；同时，类似的技术输出还存在于东亚、东南亚，甚至远至西亚的伊朗、叙利亚及北非的埃及等地。总体来看，明时期的龙泉窑有产品输出，但更多的还是技术输出，形成了“天下龙泉”的大势。从元代龙泉窑产品的一统天下，到明代全球仿烧龙泉窑风格产品的风行，既可以看出龙泉窑自身的魅力，也可看出其输出形式从产品输出向技术输出的转变。
关键词：龙泉窑 元明时期 产品输出 技术输出
Abstract: Longquan kilns were sold abroad in the Northern Song Dynasty and developed vigorously during the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, however, there is no difference between export products and domestic products. Beginning in the Yuan Dynasty, Longquan kilns began to consciously produce porcelain according to the living preferences and folk customs of people in different regions overseas and implemented a full range of exports to overseas markets, so that the overall pattern of “The World of Longquan” has been formed. To the early Ming Dynasty, the production and sales of Longquan kiln porcelain were greatly affected due to the implementation of the maritime trade prohibition policy. Nevertheless, in order to make a living, some local kilns and kiln workers gradually moved their production to eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian, which were relatively loosely controlled at the time. Simultaneously, similar technology exports still exist in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and even as far as Iran and Syria in West Asia, Egypt in North Africa and other places. On the whole, in addition to the export of products, the Longquan kilns was also involved more technology exports in the Ming Dynasty, thus forming the general trend of “Longquan of the World”. Obviously, From the dominance of Longquan kiln products in the Yuan Dynasty to the popularity of imitation Longquan kiln-style products around the world in the Ming Dynasty, that we can see the charm of Longquan kiln itself and the transformation of export form from products export to technology export.
Key Words: Longquan kilns; Yuan and Ming dynasties; products export; technology export
一幅明代西藏西部上师对坐唐卡研究
——兼论西藏上师对坐题材唐卡的历史源流
Appreciation about Thangka with Gurus of Sitting Face-to-face in the West of Tibet during
Ming Dynasty and Thangka Paintings’ History
黄春和
Huang Chunhe
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：本文以一幅萨迦派上师对坐唐卡为研究对象，首先对唐卡的图像进行了描述和解读，揭示了该唐卡所蕴含的宗教及历史文化内涵；继而从构图、色彩、人物特征、技法等艺术表现入手，并结合实物对比和历史背景分析，论证了该唐卡的产地、艺术风格及其来源，明确其产地为西藏西部地区，风格源于西藏中部的俄尔寺绘画；最后对西藏上师对坐题材的流行历史进行了全面梳理，探讨了上师对坐题材的宗教意涵和历史渊源，并对西藏西部佛教和佛教艺术发展历史提出了新证据和新观点。
关键词：唐卡 上师对坐 西藏西部 萨迦派 俄尔寺
Abstract: Through the description and interpretation of the gurus of sitting face-to-face, the religious, historical and cultural connotations of the thangkas are revealed. From the perspective of composition, color, character characteristics, techniques and other artistic expression, combined with object comparison and historical background analysis, the origin of thangka is western Tibet, and the style originates from the Earl Temple’s painting in central Tibet. After a comprehensive review of the popular history of the subject of gurus of sitting face-to-face in Tibet, this paper discusses the religious implication and historical origin of the subject of buddhist face-to-face in Tibet, and puts forward new evidence and new views on the development history of Buddhism and Buddhist art in western Tibet.
Key Words: Thangka; gurus of sitting face-to-face; western Tibet; Sakya; Earl Temple
清代黑舍里氏墓出土文房用具研究
Research on Stationery Accessories Unearthed from the Tomb of a Girl of Hešeri Clan in
Qing Dynasty
裴亚静
Pei Yajing
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：1962年7月，在德胜门外小西天北京师范大学发现黑舍里氏墓。黑舍里氏为清康熙时权臣索额图之女，开国功臣索尼孙女，七岁夭折。黑舍里氏墓中随葬了珍贵的宋元明清玉器及瓷器，比较突出的是一套完整的玉质文房用具和十余枚印章料。这些随葬文房用具展示了清代贵族家庭对于儿童开蒙时期的高雅教育方式以及这种教育方式的基础——财富与权力。
关键词：黑舍里氏 索额图 文房用具 印章 儿童教育
Abstract: In July 1962, the tomb of a girl of Hešeri Clan was discovered in Beijing Normal University outside Deshengmen. She is Songgotu’s daughter who is a powerful minister during Kangxi Period; Sonin’s granddaughter who is a high offical. She died at the age of seven. Her tomb is buried with precious jade articles and porcelains of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. A complete set of jade stationery appliances and more than ten seals stand out. These stationery accessories show the noble education of children in Qing dynasty. This educational mode is on the basis of wealth and power.
Key Words: Hešeri; Songgotu; stationery accessories; seal; children education