专题介绍：金银与货币制度
编者按：
金银天然非货币，货币天然是金银。虽然金银最初只是作为一般商品出现，但因其体积小、价值高、保存久、分割易、携带便，而成为充当货币的必然选择，这在中国货币发展史上得到了充分的验证：从初始的贝币、玉币，到秦汉以降的铜本位币制，再到明代形成的银本位币制，直到现代的金本位币制，体现得淋漓尽致。
“认识历史离不开考古学”，从考古发现的金银文物出发，做好金银文物考古成果的挖掘、整理、阐释工作，让收藏在博物馆里的金银文物活起来，为货币发展史说话，是本期专题的初衷。
宋明时期，是我国货币向金银本位制转变的关键时期。有宋一代，商业发达，贸易频繁，金银成为大宗货物支付、赋税征收、军需转运的重要手段，金银防伪日益重要，出现大批錾刻其用处、重量、制作者等信息铭文的金叶银铤。明代承之，至中叶，金银支付范围进一步扩大，银成为主要货币，铜钱为辅。这些带铭文的金银文物正是深入研究的价值所在。因而本专题聚焦于宋明金银文物的挖掘、整理、阐释，揭示明代银本位币制形成的历史背景及动因。
至于我国现代金本位币制的形成，虽是货币发展的必然，但和西方早已成熟的金本位制不无关系，民国时期通过美国代购大量金锭用来平息通胀，稳定经济，即是明证，体现了中华文明同世界其他文明互通有无。
从考古学的角度阐释文物，丰富全社会历史文化滋养，是考古文博界的职责，本刊责无旁贷，借此发声，以期明旨。
小议南海Ⅰ号出土的金叶子
Brief Study on Gold Leaves Unearthed from NanhaiⅠShipwreck
李 岩
Li Yan
（广东省文物考古研究所，广州，510075）
（Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics & Archaeology, Guangzhou, 510075）
内容提要：本文仅就南海Ⅰ号沉船考古发掘报告发表的8件带有戳印文字的金叶子加以观察和初步研究，并提出与报告不同的看法及补充意见。研究方法为首先对金叶子的文字进行判读，之后比较过往考古发现所见同类器物的戳印文字，进而断定其生产、销售地。通过研究推定：“韩四郎”“霸南街东王助教□”“晋李四郎金”三款金叶子的产、销地均为当时的行在——临安；南海Ⅰ号纪年瓷器与之共存，这三件金叶子具有标型器的作用；结合同船所见300余千克银铤等出土文物，推断南海Ⅰ号曾经在临安进行过停泊与采买活动。
关键词：南海Ⅰ号 金叶子 古代货币 韩四郎 王助教 李四郎
Abstract: This paper aims at the 8 pieces of gold leaf reported in the Archaeological Report on NanhaiⅠShipwreck Series Ⅱ: Excavation of 2014-2015 with carved inscriptions. Starting with study on the inscriptions, then comparatively studing the inscriptions of the same type, this paper analysis the origin and trade place of the gold leaves. In general, this paper holds that, 3 types of gold leaves mentioned above were made and traded in Lin’an, the capital of Southern Song Dynasty. The porcelain with year mark unearthed on NanhaiⅠShipwreck coexists with the 3 gold leaves, meaning the 3 gold leaves could be considered as standard sample. Furthermore, with other silver bullion on NanhaiⅠShipwreck, this paper believes that NanhaiⅠcould have been trading at Lin’an port.
Key Words: NanhaiⅠShipwreck; gold leaf; ancient currency; Han Silang; Wang Zhujiao; Li Silang
南宋茶马贸易及马政相关银铤
Tea-horse-trade and Related Silver Scyee in Southern Song Dynasty
刘 翔
Liu Xiang
（中国钱币学会，北京，100031）
（China Numismatic Society, Beijing, 100031）
内容提要：“国之大事在戎，戎之大事在马”，南宋马政相关银铤蔚为大宗，地位重要，迄今发现两大类计十二枚“马司银”，一类为四川茶马司的“马本纲银”。一类为荆湖南路下辖州军起发淮西总领所的“马司银”。这些银铤为宋代特定军事、政治、经济交互作用下的产物，具有鲜明的时代特征。本文从宋境北方、西北、西南方向茶马贸易的大背景展开叙述，探讨了四川茶马司的职能、交易手段以及市马价格等问题。到南宋晚期，宋蒙战争下的茶马贸易与马政问题亦因时局的变化而发生了极大的改变。以赡军为要务的总领所与茶马司在买马问题上可以相互融通调拨，而总领所在朝廷的授意下甚至可以接管茶马司的钱物，自行买马。近年来发现的南宋“马司银”系列银铤，便是这段历史的见证。
关键词：南宋茶马贸易 马本纲银 马司银 南宋银铤 南宋马政
Abstract: Tea-horse-trade was crucial in Medieval China. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were series of scyees for horse trade cast by Sichuan Tea-Horse trade office and West Huai River Regional Command. There are 12 examples have been found, which provided evidence for the existence of such trade in Southern Song dynasty. This essay is trying to discuss the role of trade office, the methods and costs of trade. The Song Court could purchase horse from its north, north-west and south-west border regions. During the late stage of Song, the ways of horse trade had changed, both regional command and trade office could participate in purchasing horse deals. Even the command can take over the trade under royal permissions, as seen on scyee examples recently found.
Key Words: Tea-horse-trade in Southern Song Dynasty; Mabengang silver; silver of horse-trade office; silver scyee of Song; horse-trade policy of Song
解读明代藩王府银锭
Interpretation of Ming Dynasty Princes’ Silver Scyee
李小萍
Li Xiaoping
（浙江省博物馆，杭州，310007）
（Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou, 310007）
内容提要：明代处于一个西方世界不断向外拓展的特殊历史时期。由于美洲银矿的发现，大量美洲白银源源不断地流入中国，致使原以铜钱为主的明代币制发生了变化。自明代中期开始，白银逐渐成为主要货币，这在政府的赋税领域体现得尤为突出。在已发现的明代银锭中，有一类很特别，据其上铭文可知，是政府征收的赋税折银，并支付给藩王府的宗禄。这些藩王府银锭正是明代币制转变的缩影。
关键词：白银 宗禄折银 禄米银 宗禄银 庶人口粮银 赡田银
Abstract: During the Ming dynasty huge amounts of silver were transported to China from north America, which leads to the change of Ming’s currency system, from copper to silver standard. As a result, taxation were paid in silver since mid-16th century. The Ming court provided various types of silver, in the form of sycees, to its princes across the empire as their income came from the imperial family directly. This essay discusses the origin and usage of these sycees, as well as how these sycees were found.
Key Words: Silver; Zongluzheyin, Lumiyin, Zongluyin, Shurenkouliangyin, Shantianyin
明代金花银成分分析
——以上海博物馆藏金花银为例
Jinhuayin Ingredient Analysis of Ming Dynasty:
Taking the Collection of Shanghai Museum as an Example
吴旦敏
Wu Danmin
（上海博物馆，上海，201306）
（Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, 201306）
内容提要：金花银是明代重要赋税银锭之一。文章从银锭金属成分中的金元素出发，在已经公开的明代银锭的无损金属成分检测资料的基础上，比较得出金花银较其他类别银锭的含金量相对较高，金花银物如其名。含金量较高的银锭和富含金或伴生金的矿藏有关，而云南银矿多伴金并长期是国家重要的银矿产地。再从明代白银收归终点内承运库和太仓库两地收入比较，说明了金花银只进入内承运库，尤其是在正统年设立太仓库后，明显区别于其他类别的征收银被收入太仓库。通过分析研究认为金花银专用作折粮银和漕粮折银贮藏于国家内承运库，这使之有别于其他赋税银锭，体现出了金花银所对应的税赋在国家财政收入中的重要地位。
关键词：金花银 含金量 银矿 赋税银锭 内承运库
Abstract: Jinhuayin is one of the important taxation silver ingots in the Ming Dynasty. Starting from the gold composition of silver ingots, and on the basis of the published non-destructive metal composition test data of silver ingots in the Ming Dynasty, this article compares Jinhuayin contains a relatively higher gold content than other types of silver ingots. Silver ingots with high gold content are related to deposits that are rich in gold or associated gold. Yunnan silver mines are mostly gold and have been an important silver mine in China for a long time. From the comparison of the income from the the terminal of the silver collection in the Ming Dynasty, Neichengyunku and Taicangku, it shows that Jinhuayin only enters the Neichengyunku, especially after the establishment of the Taicangku in the Zhengtong period. It is obviously different from other types of collected silver. Through analysis and research, it is believed that the Jinhuayin is exclusively used for grain and grain countparts and stored in the national internal storage, which distinguished it from other taxation silver ingots. It also reflects that the taxation of Jinhuayin is important position in national income of Ming Dynasty. The article is just a start, looking forward to adding new data to enrich and in-depth silver research.
Key Words: Jinhuayin; gold composition; silver income; taxation collected in silver ingots; Neichengyunku
宋代和明代银锭铭文所见财税制度异同
The Similarities and Differences of Property and Tax System Between Song and Ming Dynasties Based on Silver Scyee Inscriptions
陈 阳
Chen Yang
（中国财税博物馆，杭州，310002）
（China Finance & Taxation Museum, Hangzhou, 310002）
内容提要：宋代和明代银锭研究已取得显著成果，在此基础上，本文拟通过对比分析铭文涉及的田赋相关问题、税源、税银输送过程、职官和机构等四个方面，总结铭文所反映宋、明两代财税制度的差异。宋代地方财赋首先集中到州郡，再由转运司上缴中央。明代田赋征缴则由县一级行政机构完成，银锭铭文所见为县一级负责征缴官员的职官名和差役名。此外，南宋铭文中频繁出现四领所的名称，体现了特定时期满足军需供给的独特制度设计。两宋在财政运转中引入半官方金融机构——金银交引铺，负责国库标准银锭的兑换和铸造，都与明代形成显著区别。
关键词：银锭 田赋 税源 税银输送 财政运转
Abstract: With the significant progress of silver ingot research in Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, this paper intends to summarize the differences between Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty’s fiscal and taxation systems reflected in the inscriptions by comparing and analyzing the issues related to land tax, tax sources, silver ingot transportation process, officials and institutions involved in the inscriptions. In addition, the names of the four financial institutions that raise military expenses for the four war zones appeared frequently in the inscriptions of the Southern Song Dynasty, which reflected the unique system designing to meet the military supplies in a specific period. In the financial operation of Song Dynasty, a semi-official financial institution was introduced to be responsible for the exchange and casting of treasury standard silver ingots.
Key Words: Silver ingot; land tax; tax sources; transportation of tax silver; transportation financial operation
20世纪40年代流入中国的外国大金锭
The Big Foreign Gold Ingots Imported into China in the 1940s
金德平
Jin Deping
（中国钱币博物馆，北京，100031）
（China Numismatic Museum, Beijing, 100031）
内容提要：20世纪40年代因货币超量发行，法币贬值，民国政府委托美国政府从国外代购了二亿二千万美元的黄金，共重626万两。进口的金锭多为400两左右的大锭，后此类大金锭多被制作为各类厂条和十两大金条，用以收兑法币和金圆券以平抑物价，并有部分被运往台湾，以至今天难以见到此类外国大金锭。本文考察了中国人民银行库藏和中国钱币博物馆征集的两类外国大金锭，有助于我们认识和探讨此类曾在中国货币史上发生巨大作用的金锭。
关键词：民国 大金锭 国外流入 黄金货币 法币
Abstract: In the 1940s, due to the excessively issued currency and the devaluation of legal tender, the government of Republic of China entrusted the United States government to buy on the latter’s behalf 220 million US dollars of gold, weighing 6.26 million taels. The single weight of majority imported gold ingots was about 400 taels. Later, most of such big ingots were made into various mintage bars and bigger bars of 10 taels for exchanging legal tenders and “gold yuan” notes in order to stabilize the commodity price, while the rest were shipped to Taiwan, so it’s rare to see them today. This article introduces two kinds of foreign big gold ingots housed and collected by the People’s Bank of China and China Numismatic Museum, aiming to be conducive to the cognition of and discussion on these gold ingots which ever played significant role in Chinese numismatic history.
Key Words: Republic of China; big gold ingots; inflow from abroad; gold currency; legal tender