专题介绍：面向未来的博物馆

编者按：

        公共事件是指造成或者可能造成重大人员伤亡、财产损失、生态环境破坏和严重社会危害，危及公共安全的紧急事件，包括自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件和社会安全事件。

        作为公共文化机构的博物馆，对公共事件的关注由来已久。或收藏、展示公共事件见证物，或推出公共事件专题展览，或建立公共事件纪念馆。但最初博物馆往往在事后才对公共事件作出反应，许多重要见证物不能及时入藏而灭失，颇令人遗憾。随着博物馆职能的不断扩大、博物馆事业的快速发展，博物馆已走出馆舍，既关照过去，也注意现实和未来；既以物为中心，也聚焦于人；既是历史证据的收集、保管和解释者，也积极成为历史的参与者。在这一背景下，博物馆对公共事件的关注，应该更为全面与深入，应该投入更多力量探讨博物馆应对公共事件的策略。

        2019年年底以来，新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发，并成为全国乃至全球公共卫生事件。以此为契机，本刊邀约诸多国内文博机构管理者、学者对博物馆与公共事件主题进行多方位多层次探讨，以期引起博物馆界对公共事件的进一步思考与探索。诚然，博物馆并非应对公共事件的主导者，但绝对不是旁观者，积极参与是博物馆不可推卸的责任。

        公共事件引起的焦虑难以平息，公共事件造成的创伤不可磨灭，博物馆如何以人为中心，进行正确的引导，发挥文化抚慰作用尤其值得重视。

        守望相助，共克时艰。在此，本刊向积极应对公共事件的博物馆人致以崇高的敬意。

博物馆与公共事件

——国家文物局副局长关强访谈录

Museum and Public Event: Interview of Guan Qiang

(Deputy Director of the National Cultural Heritage Administration)

访谈者：《博物院》编辑部

Interviewer: Museum Editorial Office

内容提要：新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发，给我国博物馆工作带来了巨大挑战。面对这次新中国成立以来发生的传播速度最快、感染范围最广、防控难度最大的重大突发公共卫生事件，国家文物局采取了哪些措施，如何指导全国博物馆做好疫情防控工作和公共服务工作？全国博物馆如何积极应对并发挥社会服务功能？“后疫情”阶段博物馆工作如何开展？带着这些问题，《博物院》杂志对国家文物局副局长关强进行了专访。关强副局长指出，国家文物局在第一时间要求全国博物馆暂停对外开放，指导全国博物馆在保证安全的前提下利用已有数字资源进行网上展示，服务公众。抗疫期间，全国博物馆“闭馆不闭展，服务不缺位”“为了明天，收藏今天”，充分发挥了陈列展览在传播知识、解读文化、弘扬精神方面的积极作用，鼓舞了抗疫的决心和士气，彰显了博物馆工作者的使命和担当。“后疫情”阶段，博物馆应进一步健全应急处理机制，完善展示教育内容，创新文化传播方式。

关键词：新冠病毒肺炎 突发公共事件 公共服务 博物馆展示新形态 应急处置 为了明天收藏今天

“博物馆与公共事件”主题笔谈

Museum and Public Event Theme Interview

陈卓 罗向军 蔡琴 宋向光 张元成 肖海明 周伟 杨蕊

（天津博物馆 河北博物院 浙江省博物馆 北京大学考古文博学院 山西博物院 广东省博物馆 安阳博物馆 北京汽车博物馆）

内容提要：公共事件对社会和公众造成极大影响。当公共事件突发时，作为公共文化机构的博物馆如何应对，如何开展公共服务？这是当下走出馆舍的博物馆必须要思考与探索的问题。新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发，成为重大突发公共卫生事件。就此公共事件，天津博物馆馆长陈卓、河北博物院院长罗向军、浙江省博物馆副馆长蔡琴、北京大学考古文博学院教授宋向光、山西博物院院长张元成、广东省博物馆馆长肖海明、河南省安阳博物馆馆长周伟、北京汽车博物馆馆长杨蕊等诸多博物馆管理者、专家学者，对“博物馆与公共事件”这一主题进行了多层次多方位的思考与探讨。

关键词：突发公共事件 博物馆使命 集体记忆 博物馆沟通策略 应急处理 博物馆服务

博物馆集体记忆功能语境下的COVID-19

Museum’s Functions for Collective Memory in the Context of COVID-19

安来顺

An Laishun

（1.上海大学文学院，上海，200444；2.中国博物馆协会，北京，100034）

（1. School of Liberal Arts, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444; 2. China Museums Association, Beijing, 100034）

内容提要：目前在全世界蔓延的“新型冠状病毒导致的疾病”（COVID-19）危机注定将成为整个人类社会一段永远难忘的集体记忆，一段关于灾难与痛苦、英勇与坚韧、团结与牺牲、反思与进步的记忆。储存、研究、阐释、呈现和共享历史（包括当代历史）记忆，是博物馆最具专业特征的社会使命。在专业敏感和社会责任的双重驱动下，我国一批博物馆启动了围绕COVID-19的记忆工程。像COVID-19这样一个史无前例的、复杂的灾难主题，往往需要博物馆做更深入的理念思辨和更系统的行动战略。分析发现，COVID-19相关见证（物质和非物质的）的筛选入藏和信息储存，除一般文物分类学意义的标准外具有一定的“非传统”性，需要比以往更多关注特定时空维度下的那些社会元素；博物馆的相关研究和阐释将是“过程”而非一蹴而就，要通过信息属性分类和多学科互动，逐步还原出多维、联系而非线性、孤立的开放式的集体记忆；与艺术和文化题材相比，COVID-19这种灾难记忆的呈现和共享，应兼顾“望远镜”与“显微镜”即宏大叙事与凡人情怀的双重视角，应非常审慎地处理社会心理敏感和博物馆专业伦理问题。

关键词：为了明天收藏今天 博物馆阐释 集体记忆 灾难题材展示 COVID-19

Abstract: The “new corona-virus caused disease” ( COVID-19 ) crisis currently spreading around the world is destined to become an unforgettable collective memory for the entire human society, a memory of disaster and suffering, heroism and tenacity, solidarity and sacrifice, reflection and progress. Collection, research, interpretation, presentation and sharing of memories of history (including contemporary history) are determined as the most professionally featured social mission of the museum. Having been driven by professional sensitivity and social responsibility, a number of museums in China have launched a series of memory projects surrounding COVID-19 through out the country. Dealing with an unprecedented and complex theme of disaster like COVID-19 often requires museums to make deeper conceptual enquire and develop more systematic action strategies. Analysis found that COVID-19 related evidence (both tangible and intangible) screening for collection and data preservation has a certain “non-traditional” feature in addition to the general criteria for the taxonomic significance of cultural objects. There is a need to pay more attention to social elements in specific space and time dimensions than before. Related research and interpretation in museums should be recognized as “processes” rather than overnight. Through the data attribute categorization and interdisciplinary interaction, museums may gradually restore an open collective memory which is multidimensional and connected rather than isolated and linear. Compared with artistic and cultural themes, museum’s presentation and sharing of memory of COVID-19 as a disaster should be taken into account the dual perspective of “telescope” and “microscope”, grand narratives and expressions of ordinary people. Meanwhile, museums should be very careful in dealing with the issues of social psychological sensitivity and code of ethics of museum profession when presentations are going to be realized.

Key Words: Collecting today for tomorrow; museum interpretation; collective memory; exhibition concerning disasters; COVID-19

为了明天收藏今天

——新冠肺炎疫情下的博物馆使命与行动逻辑

Collecting Today for Tomorrow:

COVID-19, Museum Mission and Agents of Social Inclusion

潘守永

Pan Shouyong

（上海大学文学院，上海，200444）

（School of Liberal Arts, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444）

内容提要：2019年年底以来，新型冠状病毒肺炎肆虐，全球主要国家因疫情管控而进入紧急状态。面对全球性突发卫生安全事件，博物馆要充分发挥其作为见证者、参与者与行动者的社会角色，结合各自使命和任务推进记录与收藏今天，传播与传递知识与能量，彰显博物馆的社会责任。此外，推进建立国家防疫博物馆也是此时此刻的重要目标。

关键词：新冠肺炎疫情 博物馆使命 收藏 包容性 国家防疫博物馆

Abstract: The spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) is the most serious global health security threat in decades. Wuhan was shut-down from January 21, Trump Circuit Breaker happened four times a week on New York stock market, and many countries are imposing much-needed restrictions to slow the spread of COVID-19 such as self-quarantine, closures and event cancellations. Museum of all kinds should take its responsibilities for this moment as a witness, a participation-observer and a social agent. Recording and collecting TODAY is built in museum’s mission and vision, and practicing inclusion ideology through communication and education to show that museum is too much powerful and has been a place for everyone. This article also discusses how to conduct the special epidemic prevention museum in China.

Key Words: COVID-19; museum mission; collecting today; social inclusion; the epidemic prevention museum

公共知识服务

——博物馆社会责任的再思考

The Service of Public Knowledge: Rethink on the Public Responsibility of Museum

徐玲 王骋远

Xu Ling Wang Chengyuan

（郑州大学考古学系，郑州，450000）

（Department of archaeology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000）

内容提要：作为公共文化机构，博物馆通过搜集、保存、研究人类在生存发展过程中留存的遗物，形成有逻辑的知识体系，再以展览形式将这些知识具象化，传递给社会。近年来，随着博物馆社会化的不断增强，博物馆偏重于展示民族国家辉煌过去的单一知识服务模式开始引起反思。尤其在面临社会公共事件时，博物馆应该充分利用公共收藏，为社会提供更及时更多元的公共服务，从而更好地履行生产、传递人类知识，沟通人类过去、现在和未来的职责。

关键词：博物馆  知识生产  公共知识  社会责任

Abstract: As the public cultural institution, Museums fulfill social responsibilities by collecting, preserving, researching human objects, making a logical system of knowledge, and then visualizing in the form of exhibitions to pass it on to the society. On recent years, with the socialization enhancing of museums, the single knowledge service mode of museum, which lays particular stress on displaying the glorious past of the nation-state, has aroused people’s reflection. Especially in the face of social public events, museums should make full use of public collections to provide the society with more diversified and timely public services, so as to fulfill the social responsibility of public knowledge making, and transmission, as well as communicating human’s past, present and future better.

Key Words: Museum; making-knowledge; public knowledge; social responsibility

新形势下博物馆社会功能研究

——以陕西历史博物馆为例

Research on Museum’s Society Function under the Current Situation:

Taking Shaanxi History Museum as an Example

侯宁彬

Hou Ningbin

（陕西历史博物馆，西安，710061）

（Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an, 710061）

内容提要：博物馆作为致力于社会和谐与可持续发展的公共文化机构，其文化传播功能在面对突发公共事件时遇到了极大的挑战。诚然，面对此次突发公共卫生事件，博物馆积极反应，通过各种方式协同疫情防控，同时创新方式传播博物馆文化，为抗击疫情增强了自信，凝结了力量。但是，我们也应清醒地看到，这次疫情给我们带来了诸多启示：新形势下博物馆安全管理和社会服务有哪些方面需要提升？其知识传播和社会教育体系还有哪些短板？博物馆的藏品征集、研究、展示以及成果转化还有哪些不足？等等，都是我们必须要认真思考的问题。本文试图通过本次疫情应对，反思博物馆在特殊形势下运行管理的相关问题，以期达到警示效果。

关键词：博物馆 安全管理 知识传播 社会服务

Abstract: As a public cultural organization aiming at building a harmonious society and maintaining sustainable development, museum meets a great challenge in terms of cultural function under public emergencies. Facing abrupt public health events, museum actively reacts, by joint work in virus response and refreshing cultural media of museum, boosting national culture confidence and uniting the whole society. However, there are lessons taught by this situation that we should pay attention to. For instance, the flaws in security management, social service, knowledge dissemination and education; shortages in collection of themed items, research and display of collection, etc. This paper analyses the museum actions during the COVID-19 wide spread, reflects the run of museum in abrupt public events and its related issues, hoping to provide some enlightenment for the future.

Key Words: Museum; security management; knowledge dissemination; social service

网络数字时代的博物馆

——社会公共事件下的再思考

Museums in the Digital Era: Rethink under Social Public Events

白 杰

Bai Jie

（首都博物馆，北京，100045）

（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）

内容提要：网络数字时代是当下博物馆建设的重要社会背景和无法回避的宏观现实。突发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情考验着博物馆的应变，也引发着博物馆人的思考。本文力求将实践反思通过社会学研究加以解构，探索博物馆的社会本质特征与时代变迁特点，对当下的中国博物馆治理提出要义梳理的一孔之见。

关键词：网络数字时代 博物馆定义 博物馆变迁 博物馆治理

Abstract: The network digital era is an important social background and unavoidable macro reality of museum construction. The outbreak of COVID-19 is testing the strain of the museum, and it is also causing the thinking of the museum staff. This paper attempts to deconstruct practical reflection through sociological research, to explore the social essential characteristics of the museum and the characteristics of the changing times, and put forward a view of the current governance of Chinese museums.

Key Words: Network digital era; museum definition; museum changes; museum governance