专题介绍：面向未来的博物馆
编者按：
时至今日，博物馆走出象牙塔、艺术殿堂，走向大千世界，成为公众的社会课堂、文化体验中心，甚至是休闲娱乐场所，其功能、形态发生了巨变，而又受到不同民族、不同文化、不同政治经济技术环境的影响，在世界各地独立发展，呈现出千姿百态。这使人不禁要问：什么是博物馆，博物馆的未来又如何？
2019年9月，国际博物馆协会第25届大会在日本京都举行，欲重新对博物馆的定义进行界定，与会的博物馆学者纷纷就博物馆的新概念、未来博物馆的面貌等发言讨论，但惜未能达成统一认识。为反映国际博物馆界关于未来博物馆的新看法，本刊特邀请部分与会学者将其发言梳理成文，并邀请国内博物馆学新锐撰文探讨我国博物馆未来发展之道，辟为“面向未来的博物馆”专题，以飨读者。
未来不可知，未来的博物馆也超越想象，但博物馆从过去走到现在，再走向未来，必有其发展之道。这正是我们探讨面向未来的博物馆的基础。未来的某一天，回首今天的探索，也许不值一哂，也许会心微笑。
2020新春已至，百花待放，《博物院》杂志与文博同仁共勉：未来的路越走越好，未来的博物馆越办越好。
独特性与参与性：面向未来的地方博物馆
Uniqueness and Participation: The Study on the Local Museums Towards the Future
赵慧君
Zhao Huijun
（山东大学文化遗产研究院，青岛，266237）
（Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237）
内容提要：作为博物馆体系的重要组成部分，地方博物馆对博物馆的整体建设具有关键意义。简要梳理中国地方博物馆的概念变迁及发展史，发现地方博物馆经历了20世纪30年代地方意识兴起、50年代政治化推广、80年代关注地方性陈列等不同阶段，如今迎来了极具修正与反思意义的第四阶段。地方博物馆应以独特性建构及参与性关怀来共同书写其未来发展，使自己活化发展，科学经营。
关键词：地方博物馆 独特性 参与性 地方 公众
Abstract: As an important part of the museum system, local museums are of key significance to the over all construction of Chinese museums. When carding the changing histories and concepts, it could be found that the local museum had experienced three different stages: the rise of local consciousness in 1930s, the political promotion in 1950s, and locality of display in 1980s. Nowadays, the local museum has stepped into the fourth stage: How local museums recognize and define themselves, and gain public affection and support, which is an issue that needs to be considered and solved urgently. Based on the developmental histories of local museums, this paper will put forward some creative thoughts, such as the construction of its uniqueness and participation, which is helpful to promote the activation and sustainable development of local museums.
Key Words: Local museums; uniqueness; participation; local; public
面向公众修辞的未来博物馆
The Museum of the Future Adresses
M•伊丽莎白•韦瑟
M•Elizabeth Weiser
（俄亥俄州立大学，哥伦布，43055）
（Ohio State University, Columbus, 43055）
内容提要：为了融入我们的世界，现代博物馆已经成为个人与博物馆之间的“多元文化谈判平台”。因此，现代的博物馆的使命并不是传播知识，而是在与其意见相左的社区中产生影响，新博物馆学就要研究这些影响。以参观者反应为中心是向参观者意识的靠拢，从而导致博物馆研究更接近修辞学。按照古典修辞学的观点，一旦现在的参观者成为关注的焦点，博物馆就会从主要关注历史正确性与否的机构，转变为主要关注现世修辞性的机构。作为一个知识机构，修辞学的视角可以给博物馆学带来新的动态和见解，因为修辞学的关注点在公众及其在公共领域中集体行动的方式。在一个多样化的公共空间里，修辞能力强的博物馆会用多元的观点讲故事：既包含了我们所认为的高潮和低谷，又包含了我们所期待的现代模糊叙事和邀请参观者共同思考的体验。
关键词：博物馆 修辞学 公众 国家认同
Abstract: To be relevant in our world, modern museums have become “multicultural platforms for negotiations” between individuals and museum. The museum today therefore sees its mission not as the distribution of knowledge but as the production of a sociopolitical effect in its at-times resisting community, and new museologists, in turn, study these effects of museums on the world. The new centrality of visitor response is a move towards audience awareness that brings museum studies closer to rhetoric. In the terms of classical Aristotelian rhetoric, once the present-day visitor is the focus the museum moves from a forensic institution, concerned chiefly with the correctness of the past, to an epideictic institution, concerned chiefly with the values of the present. It is the contention of my research that it is as epideictic institutions that museums make their mark in the world. I argue, therefore, that a rhetorical lens can bring a new dynamic and new insights to museology because the focus of rhetoric is on what it means to be a public and to operate collectively in the public sphere. In a diverse public sphere, rhetorically persuasive museums tell a story that has multiple points of view, that includes both high and low points in public history, and that embraces the ambiguity we expect of modern storytelling, inviting visitors to ponder an experience.
Key Words: Museum; rhetoric; public; national identity
博物馆的外交潜力
The Diplomatic Potential of Museums
裴严华
Sascha Priewe
（皇家安大略博物馆，多伦多，M5S2C6）
（Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, M5S2C6）
内容提要：博物馆越来越被认为是公共和文化外交中重要的非国家参与者。它在国际上的活动由来已久，本文将博物馆的全球工作作为一种产生外交成果的活动来探讨，探讨了如何通过博物馆容纳越来越多的参与者来重塑外交格局。如今，公共外交取代了民族国家中心论，博物馆已经成为公共外交“网络”中的众多参与者之一，通过积极应对公共外交和软实力等概念中以国家为中心的偏见，本论文发展了对博物馆外交的理解，从而认识到博物馆作为全球化的机构有其独特的外交潜力。
关键词：博物馆 外交 文化外交
Abstract: Museums are increasingly being recognized as significant non-state actors in public and cultural diplomacy. While museums have long been active internationally, this paper approaches the global work of museums as an activity that produces diplomatic outcomes. The paper examines the ways in which the diplomatic landscape has been reshaped to include an increasing number of actors. Museums have become one of the myriad actors in the “network”of public diplomacy that has displaced the dominance of the “club”of the nation state. By challenging the nation-state-centric bias of such concepts as public diplomacy and soft power, this paper develops an understanding of diplomacy to be applied to museums thereby recognizing the global agency of museums and their diplomatic potential.
Key Words: Museums; diplomacy; cultural diplomacy
由传统到当代：博物馆对宗教文化遗产的展示与诠释
From Tradition to Modern Time: The Display and Interpretation of Religious Cultural Relics from Museum Perspective
陈国宁
Chen Kuoning
（世界宗教博物馆，台北，23444）
（Museum of World Religions, Taipei, 23444）
内容提要：文章梳理了博物馆对宗教文化展示思路与方法的演变，并以世界宗教博物馆的研究课题与策划展览为例，认为宗教文化遗产是最具地区性与时代性的文化表征，博物馆在宗教文物的解读上兼有客观性与主观性。宗教文物不能纯以艺术美的单纯角度去评论它的价值与美丑，当代的宗教文化与大众生活以及商业活动不可分割。
关键词：博物馆展示诠释 宗教文化的展示 博物馆演变
Abstract: This paper illustrates the developments and changes of how museum exerts an influence towards the exhibition of religious culture. Taking Museum of World Religions’ researches and exhibition as an example, this paper believes religion cultural relics is the most regional and most epochal culture representative. The museum has both objectivity and subjectivity in the interpretation of religious relics. Religious cultural relics cannot be commented only on its value from a pure angle of artistic beauty. Contemporary religious culture is inseparable from public life and commercial activities.
Key Words: Museum exhibit interpretation; exhibition of religious culture; museum evolution
博物馆“新”定义被搁置了么——基于国际博物馆协会第25届大会讨论的批判性反思
Is the “New” Museum Definition Broken: Critical Reflection on the New Museum Definition Proposed
文森特•诺斯1 史蒂芬•英格斯曼2 著 张俊龙3 译
Vincent Noce1 Steven Engelsman2 , Translated by Zhang Junlong3
（1. 《艺术报》编辑部，伦敦，W1S1BN；2. 维也纳世界博物馆，维也纳1010；3.中央民族大学，北京，100081）
（1. The Art Newspaper, London, W1S1BN; 2. World Museum Vienna, Vienna1010;
3. Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081）
内容提要：2019年9月，国际博物馆协会第25届大会在日本京都召开，在这次会议上，修改博物馆定义的提案未能通过。本文摘编了两位学者文森特•诺斯和史蒂芬•英格斯曼对这次会议的一些分析和讨论，或许有助于读者理解国际博物馆学的发展史以及这次定义修改未能通过的原因。
未来博物馆学的文化枢纽功能：活态文物的诠释性策展
A Museological Future as a Cultural Hub: Interpretive Planning for Living Heritage
张云顺
Yun Shun Susie Chung
（南新罕布什尔大学，曼彻斯特，NH03824）
（Southern New Hamsphire University, Manchester, NH03824）
内容提要：本文以美国南部平原野生动物康复中心为例，说明诠释性策展在实践中的运用：通过诠释性策展把野生动植物康复中心转变成为活态文物博物馆，把传统的野生动物园塑造成未来文化中心的组成部分。
中西方不同语境下的博物馆发展——从《众妙之门：六谈当代博物馆》说起
Museum Development in Different Contexts: A Book Review of Entering the World of Wonder: Thoughts on Contemporary Museum
王思渝
Wang Siyu
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871）
内容提要：《众妙之门：六谈当代博物馆》一书以加拿大皇家安大略博物馆的发展为基础来展开，展现了一座综合研究型博物馆在一套定位导向、专业导向的制度下如何将其定位贯彻到各个业务环节，如何适应新时代下的社会化转型趋势。借此我国博物馆可反思，面临着制度改革和机构动力不足的困境，如何将其定位贯彻始终；面临着社会力量不够发达、机构考核和策展机制与之不相适应等问题，如何全面开展博物馆社会化发展。
关键词：《众妙之门：六谈当代博物馆》 博物馆定位 策展人制度 机构动力 社会化转型
Abstract: Entering the World of Wonder: Thoughts on Contemporary Museum is an inspiring book based on the experiences of Royal Ontario Museum, Canada. It proved how a comprehensive museum faced several challenges, especially its own mission orientation and socialized tendency in a western context. Hence, it also gave us an opportunity to rethink about Chinese museums. This article suggested, due to the lack of public institution reform and immature of social capitals in China, Chinese museums were still stuck in the difficult of put museum missions into practice, and couldn’t get full involved in the socialized tendency.
Key Words: Entering the World of Wonder: Thoughts on Contemporary Museum; museum mission; curator; institution motivation; socialized tendency