专题：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓墓主身份浅析

编者按：

        2015－2016年，洛阳市文物考古研究院对位于河南省洛阳市寇店镇西朱村南的一座曹魏时期大墓（编号M1）进行了抢救性发掘。该墓出土的200余件刻铭石牌，涉及内容广泛，具有重要的历史、艺术及科学价值。
        2019年5月11日“洛阳曹魏大墓出土石牌文字专家座谈会”召开，来自国内高校、文博考古机构的十余位专家、学者与会。他们不仅实地考察了考古发掘现场，观摩刻铭石牌实物，还从不同角度对西朱村曹魏大墓出土刻铭石牌进行了较为详细的论述，就该墓墓主身份、铭文释读及名物考证等学术问题展开了深入讨论。会后，一些专家及时完成了对石牌刻铭的释读整理及相关问题的研究工作。
        本专题选取了有代表性的一篇整理报告与四篇学术论文，以飨读者。
        文中引用的石牌刻铭拓本资料均为洛阳市文物考古研究院提供，图片版权归洛阳市文物考古研究院所有，特此说明。

洛阳曹魏大墓出土石牌铭文分类考释
Classification and Transcription of Stone Labels Unearthed in Cao-Wei Tomb, Luoyang
李零
Li Ling
（北京大学，北京，100871）
( Peking University, Beijing, 100871 )

内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土石质随葬品签牌，铭文内容丰富，对了解古代名物制度和随 葬习俗有高的学术价值。本文将其铭文初步分为饮食、衣服、起居、骑乘、佩剑、佩饰、礼乐、文房、游戏、海贝、树木、骨殖、其他，共计十三类，并做释文和简注，以供参考。

关键词：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓 随葬品签牌 石牌 铭文 释文

Abstract: These inscribed stone labels excavated from the tomb of Wei Dynasty (221 A.D-265 A.D) in Xizhucun, Luoyang, not only help us to further the ancient Chinese onomastic research, but also further the research of ancient Chinese burial rituals. This article preliminarily classifies them into 13 categories, based on their contents, and transcribes those inscriptions from their original Lishu (隶书) scribe, along with some brief annotations.
Key Words: Cao-Wei tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang; labels of burial objects; stone labels; inscriptions; annotations

洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓墓主身份浅析
——兼谈石牌铭文所记来自一带一路的珍品
Discussion on the Identity of Xizhucun Cao-Wei Tomb’s owner and Treasures on Stone Labels Inscriptions on Belt and Road
曹锦炎
Cao Jinyan
（浙江大学文化遗产研究院，杭州，310058）
( Institute of Cultural Heritage, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 )

内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土刻铭石牌200余件，记载随葬品的名称、质地、尺寸和数量，内涵丰富。石牌记载有“玄三纁二”，为赠币，是天子的葬仪；“绛九流（旒）一”，是象征天子身份的九旒旗帜。有三枚石牌记载用翡翠（彩石）、白珠和金珠挍成“蝉”形饰，是天子所戴通天冠上的“金博山”。石牌记有九彩衮服的腰带、配有黄金制带钩、玉琢带扣，只有帝王才配服用；所记的“袿袍”“玳瑁钗”，以及戴“翡翠、金镂、白珠挍”之“胜”，皆是汉代帝后用的上等服饰。石牌记有两合填金的墓志，犹如后世帝王随葬之填金玉哀册。石牌记载随葬不少来自一带一路的奇珍，从另一方面显示了墓主的地位和身份。从石牌铭文分析，M1应是曹魏的帝陵。

关键词：曹魏大墓 石牌 铭文 墓主身份 一带一路

Abstract: More than 200 pieces of stone inscription labels were unearthed from the Wei State Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang, which recorded the name, texture, size and quantity of the funeral goods.“Xuan San Xun Er(玄三纁二)”recorded on the stone label is a gift coin, used as the funeral instrument of the emperor; “Jiang Jiu Liu Yi［绛九流（旒）一］”is the nine-character banner symbolizing the identity of the emperor. There are three stone signboards record the object with cicada shape made by jade (color stone), white beads and gold beads. The object is the“Jinbo Mountain(金博山)”decorated on the crown of the emperor. A belt of nine color clothes, with a gold-made hook and a jade buckle, recorded in the inscription, could be used only by the emperor. The stone signboard also records the“robes(袿袍)” and “tortoise-shell hairpin(玳瑁钗)”, as well as“Sheng(胜)”twisted by“jade(翡翠)、goldedn lou(金镂)、white beads (白珠)”, which are all the finest clothing used by the emperor or the empress of the Han Dynasty. The stone label also records two epitaphs filled with gold, which could be seen as the mourning of the emperor’s burial. The stone signboard also records many treasures from the Belt and Road, thus shows the status and identity of the tomb. From the analysis of the stone inscriptions, M1 should be the emperor tomb of Wei Dynasty.

Key Words: Cao-Wei tomb; stone label; inscriptions; identity of tomb owner; the Belt and Road

洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土石牌定名与墓主身份补证
The Name of Stone Labels Unearthed in Xizhucun Cao-Wei Tomb and Research on Tomb Owners Identity
赵 超
Zhao Chao
（中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100710）
( Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100710 )

内容提要：本文通过梳理文献与考古出土品，指出西朱村曹魏大墓出土石牌应该叫做“楬”，是 古代标识府库藏品的签牌。它表明当时已经形成制度的器物管理收藏方式，比遣策更具可靠性。其次将出土石牌上记录的随葬器物名称进行释读分析，归纳出其中45种以上具有妇女用品特色的器物，而具有男子用品特征的仅有3种左右，从而说明主要墓主应为女性。结合墓中双棺并列的现象，支持其主要墓主是公主曹淑并袝葬与之冥婚的甄黄这一看法。

关键词：楬 遣策 西朱村曹魏墓主

Abstract: By research on historical records and archaeological excavation, this paper points out that, the stone labels in Xizhucun Cao-Wei tomb should be called Jie (楬, a label used by state-run warehouse). The appearance of Jie proves that, there was a reliable management system of wares which was better than Qiance. This paper also interprets the content of stone label inscriptions, concluding that there were more than 45 types of wares with female features while only 3 types of wares with male features. This indicates the tomb owner should be a woman. Moreover, there were double coffins lying parallelly, supporting the tomb owner were princess Cao Shu and her death marriage spouse Zhen Huang.

Key Words: Jie; Qiance; tomb owner of Cao-Wei tomb in Xizhucun

洛阳西朱村曹魏墓墓主探讨
Study on the Owner of the Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang in the Wei State of the Three-kingdoms Period
刘连香
Liu Lianxiang
（中央民族大学考古文博系，北京，100081）
( Department of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Minzhu University of China, Beijing 100081 )

内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏墓M1为7级台阶长斜坡墓道的横券双室砖构墓，墓壁厚近1米，墓砖上带有东汉纪年戳记，墓葬规模和形制介于曹操墓和曹休墓之间。墓中出土253件（块）石牌所记物品种类及墓内现象显示墓主为夫妻二人，葬制参照东汉皇帝大丧，身份与诸侯王相符。陶鼎等礼器及其他祭祀用具和模型明器具有曹魏前期特征。综合分析曹魏主要历史人物及相关活动，比对墓葬诸因素，推测墓主可能为曹操次子曹彰。

关键词：曹魏 西朱村墓 石牌 随葬品 墓主

Abstract: The tomb M1 was the two-chambered brick structure equipped with a long slope passage and seven steps of the Wei state of the Three-kingdoms Period located in the Xizhucun of Luoyang. The tomb walls are nearly 1 meter thick. Some of the tomb bricks had stamps of the reign title of Eastern Han Dynasty on them. The grade of M1 was between Cao Cao’s tomb and Cao Xiu’s tomb. The funeral goods recorded on the small stone labels and some signs indicated that a couple were buried in the tomb. Through refereing to the imperial funeral system of Eastern Han Dyansty, the paper estimated that the occupant of M1 was at the status of vassal king. The burial objects, including the pottery Ding (鼎), had the characteristic of the early period of Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms. It was inferred that the male owner of the tomb would be Cao Zhang, the second son of Cao Cao, according to the famous figures and their activities recorded in historic literatures at that time.

Key Words: Cao-Wei; Xizhucun tomb; stone labels; funeral goods; tomb owner

洛阳西朱村曹魏墓石牌铭文中的镜鉴考
A Study of the Mirrors Recorded in the Inscription of Stone Labels Unearthed from a Wei Dynasty Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang
霍宏伟
Huo Hongwei
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
( National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006 )

内容提要：洛阳西朱村南一号曹魏墓出土200余件刻铭石牌。其中，铭文与镜鉴相关的石牌有4 件，主要涉及金错镜、车琚镜及镜台。因该墓被盗严重，石牌铭文记载的上述三类器物早已不存。今结合历史文献与考古发掘资料进行深入考证，得出以下结论：其一，该墓随葬的金错镜应是小于七寸的金错铁镜，属于特种工艺镜；其二，石牌铭文中提到的“车琚镜”，即车渠镜，亦即后人所云螺钿镜，这一铭文应是目前所见最早记载螺钿镜的史料；其三，石牌上所记纯金银镜台，尚未见到实物，属于专为上层社会制作的奢侈品。总体来看，西朱村曹魏墓墓主人具有极高的身份、地位，初步推断应在魏武王曹操与壮侯曹休之间。

关键词：洛阳西朱村 曹魏墓 刻铭石牌 金错镜 车渠镜

Abstract: Over 200 pieces of caved stone labels were unearthed from Xizhucun tomb M1 in Luoyang. Among them, four inscribed stone labels are concerned with mirrors, including a gold inlaid mirror, a Cheju mirror and a mirror stand. However, these three types of mirrors recorded in the inscriptions are no longer extant since the tomb was severely looted. On the basis of historical materials, the following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the funerary gold inlaid mirror should be an iron mirror with inlaid gold, measuring less than 7 inches. Secondly, the Cheju mirror (车琚镜) mentioned in the inscription should be a Chequ mirror that is also referred to as a Luodian mirror. This inscription is so far the earliest record of the Luodian mirror. Thirdly, the gold and silver mirror stands mentioned in the inscription of stone labels that were not found in this tomb were luxury object used by the upper class. To sum up, the person buried in the tomb was most likely of very high status, possibly between Wei Wuwang Cao Cao and Zhuang Hou Cao Xiu.

Key Words: Xizhucun, Luoyang; a Wei Dynasty Tomb; inscribed stone tablets; gold inlaid mirrors; a Chequ mirror