专题：科技考古与文物保护
编者按：
考古学与自然科学关系密切，自建立之初就借鉴了生物学和地质学的分类学、地层学方法。在国际上，科技考古的提出，是以碳十四测年方法的应用与牛津大学考古与艺术史研究实验室的建立为标志的。在中国，夏鼐于20世纪50年代指出要“用自然科学方法考古”，系统介绍了碳十四测年方法并领导筹建实验室。严文明于20世纪90年代提出现代科学技术的广泛应用是现代考古学区别于近代考古学的标志之一。如今，科技考古方兴未艾，许多学者开始思考考古学与自然科学技术关系的问题，对科技考古学的定义、研究范围、研究目标以及能否成为考古学的分支学科等展开了新的探讨。对此，我们赞成袁靖等考古学家的看法：考古学已逐渐成为一门以人文社会科学研究思路为指导、广泛采用自然科学方法与技术的交叉学科；能否更加广泛、有效地运用多种自然科学的方法和技术，进一步推动学科发展，已成为21世纪衡量一个国家考古学研究水平的重要标尺。
正是基于对以上问题的关注与思考，我们设计了这一专题。这5篇文章涉及陶瓷考古、水下考古、农业考古、文物修复等，均充分采用了自然科学方法，如热膨胀分析，出水船体含水率、木纤维、横纹抗压强度分析，高雾化自动微喷灌系统应用，植硅体分析等，并以此为基础，力图从某一层面揭示古代中国人的生活方式和社会发展状况，乃至思考全人类的文化遗产保护问题。试图以具体的研究回应学界关于科技与考古关系的争论：使人文学科和自然学科充分融合而非彼此分离，使科技考古成为考古学新的发展阶段而非分支学科，才是考古学永葆青春的利器。
浙江龙泉黑胎青瓷的原料及工艺研究
Study on Raw Materials and Manufacture Technology of Zhejiang Longquan Black Body Celadon
段鸿莺1、2 郑建明3 王光尧4 徐军5 苗建民1、2
Duan Hongying1、2 Zheng Jianming3 Wang Guangyao4 Xu Jun5 Miao Jianmin1、2
(1. 故宫博物院文保科技部，北京，100009；2. 古陶瓷保护研究国家文物局重点科研基地（故宫博物院），北京，100009；
3. 复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433；4. 故宫博物院器物部，北京，100009；5. 浙江省文物考古研究所，杭州，310014）
(1. Conservation Department, The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009;
2. Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Ceramics State Administration of Culture Heritage, The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009;
3. Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433;
4. Object Department, The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009;
5. Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014）
内容提要：为揭示龙泉哥窑黑胎青瓷的原料及烧制工艺，以龙泉溪口瓦窑垟和小梅瓦窑路窑址出土黑胎青瓷瓷片为分析对象，进行胎釉元素组成、显微结构、烧成温度、釉色外观等测试分析，对比总结了两窑址瓷片原料、制作工艺的异同点。基于此，推测文献记载的龙泉哥窑指的是具有某些特征的一类器物，其窑址并非一处，烧制技术也并非一条线发展，而是多元化发展。
关键词：黑胎青瓷 龙泉哥窑 原料 制作工艺
Abstract: In order to reveal the raw materials and the pottery firing technology, we have adopted the samples of Longquan Ge ware black body celadon and the black body celadon shards as analysis in this paper (excavated from Longquan Xikou Wayaoyang kiln site and Xiaomei Wayaolu kiln site). Through the test and analysis of its general structure, glaze chemical composition, microstructure, fi ring temperature, glaze appearance and etc, one is able to preliminarily study the raw materials and the manufacture technology of black body celadon which are unearthed from the two kiln sites. Their similarities and differences are compared and summarized. Based on these results, we predict that the Longquan Ge ware, recorded in ancient literatures, refers to a certain kind of celadon objects with a certain unique characteristics. Furthermore, there are multiple kiln sites, and the development trend of its manufacture technology has not been one fold as the evolution can be recognized as very diverse.
Key Words: Black body celadon; Longquange Ge ware; raw material; manufacture technology
故宫藏绣字“万寿无疆”匾的保护修复
Study on the Conservation of Embroidered Plaques in The Palace Museum
陈 杨
Chen Yang
（故宫博物院文保科技部，北京，100009）
（Conservation Department, The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：清康熙帝御笔绣字“万寿无疆”匾是故宫博物院藏二级文物，此件文物在修复保护前存在较为严重的脏污、破损、金线脱落及绣字粉化糟朽等问题，尤其是织金缎部分破损严重，亟待修复。修复人员通过对相关工艺技术史和传统工艺的查阅与调研，来解决补配材料仿旧织造的难题；通过对织锦包边污染物的科学分析，结合污染物清洗原理，用仪器检测辅助筛选清洗剂种类、除尘清理方式及材料等，来解决污染物去除的难题；通过对多种修复技法的尝试，解决破损部位回补复原的技术难点；通过对钉金绣捻金线的结构、材质和技术类型进行全面系统研究，为加固方法的选择提供可靠依据。意在通过对该件文物保护修复过程中如何运用科技手段找出病害根源、解决病害影响，对补配材料的复仿制过程解读这种面料的织造技艺，使传统与科技有机结合。
关键词：大型匾额 保护修复 嵌补技术 补配材料 织造
Abstract: The plaque which Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty has personally in-scripted on, with the embroidered phrase translated to ‘longevity’, is a second-class cultural relic in the Palace Museum. Before the restoration, it had been serious spoiled and damaged, some of its gold threads had been pulled out and the black embroidered characters had began to rot. Especially the brocade used for the edges of the plaque had been badly damaged. Therefore the restorers decided to investigate the history and the style of traditional craftsmanship of this cultural relic, in order to solve this severe difficulty of making the exact materials and to repair the damage. Learning the scientific analysis of the contaminants around the brocade, the restorers have combined the principles of decontamination with the usage of detecting instruments which determine the specific types of cleaning agents, dust removal methods and the material types of the relic. In order to effectively solve this problem of removing the pollutants; as the restorers had faced many technical difficulties when they were repairing the damaged parts, they had to range through many attempts of various repairing techniques. Especially, they had to sturdy through a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the types of nailed gold and twisted gold yarns which are embroidered on the plaque. In this way, they were able to provide a reliable basis for the selection of reinforcement methods. The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of the harms to the relic scientifically. At the same time, to solve the influence of the harms through the process of decoding and restoring this cultural relic, and to make scientific interpretations by combining modern technology and traditional methods.
Key Words: Large plaque; conservation; inlay technology; complementary materials; weaving
沉船考古中的凝结物问题
Study on the Coagulation in the Shipwreck Archaeology
叶道阳
Ye Daoyang
（广东海上丝绸之路博物馆，阳江，529536）
（Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Yangjiang, 529536）
内容提要：中国近海的沉船考古如南海Ⅰ号、三道岗元代沉船、华光礁Ⅰ号、南澳Ⅰ号等，都出水了大量凝结物。凝结物是水下考古中的一种特殊现象，不仅有丰富的文物包含物，在考古学上也是一种遗迹现象，在地层学上也有一定意义。关于凝结物提取后的处理，需要对其进行综合的探讨。为此，在相关学科、相关学者的研究成果基础上，对凝结物的形成环境和过程、类型划分、保护处理的价值和注意事项、凝结物的考古学意义等问题，做了整体的研究。
关键词：沉船考古 凝结物 类型 保护处理
Abstract: The shipwreck archaeology in China’s offshore waters, such as Nanhai I, Sandaogang Yuan Dynasty Shipwreck, Huaguang Reef I, and Nan’ao I, all have a large amount of coagulation. Coagulation is a special phenomenon in underwater archaeology. It is not only rich in cultural relics, but also a relic in archaeology. It also has certain significance in stratigraphy. Regarding the treatment after the extraction of the coagulation, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive discussion. Therefore, based on the researched results of related disciplines and related scholars, a comprehensive study is needed for the formation of environment and process of condensate, the division of categories, Coagulation diseases, the value of protection, matters that need to be paid attention to and also the condensation of archaeological problems.
Key Words: Shipwreck archaeology; coagulum; type; protection processing
“南海Ⅰ号”发掘现场船体的稳定性保护
The Stability Conservation on the Excavation Site of “Nanhai No.1” Shipwrecks of Song Dynasty
张玄微
Zhang Xuanwei
（广东海上丝绸之路博物馆，阳江，529536）
（Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Yangjiang, 529536）
内容提要： 2013年“南海Ⅰ号”全面发掘工作展开后，船体及船载文物陆续暴露于大气环境之中。“南海Ⅰ号”宋代沉船浸泡于水下长达800余年，船体木材降解、损坏严重，加之船载文物数量巨大，材质种类多样，叠积密集，其发掘及保护的模式尚无先例可循，发掘现场船体保护任务十分艰巨。维持船体的稳定性，为今后的全面保护、修复做好基础性工作，是“南海Ⅰ号”当前发掘阶段现场保护的重点。为此，结合“南海Ⅰ号”沉船沉积及保存环境变化、船体木材保存状态进行检测分析，梳理了“南海Ⅰ号”现场稳定保护处理的基本技术路线和实施方法。相关监测分析数据显示，“南海Ⅰ号”船体在现场发掘条件下的保存状态没有进一步劣化的趋势，说明发掘现场稳定性保护处理方案得当，实施措施有效。
关键词：海洋环境 饱水木材 发掘现场 稳定性保护
Abstract: Since the beginning of comprehensive excavation of “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty in 2013, the hull and ship-borne cultural relics have been gradually exposed to the air environment with the process of its excavation. As a result of the fact that the “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty has been submerged in the South China Sea for more than 800 years, the degradation and damage of the hull wood have become increasingly serious. In addition, the quantity of cargo carried by the ship was huge, the materials of cultural relics were various, and the goods were piled up densely. Therefore, there is no precedent for its excavation and conservation mode, and the task of hull conservation on its excavation site is very arduous. To maintain the hull stability of “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty, is the basic work for the comprehensive conservation and repair of the hull in the future, and also the key task of implementing onsite conservation in the current stage of its excavation. In this study, the change of deposit and preservation environment of “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty has been analyzed, and the preserved status of the wood of its hull been checked. The basic technology roadmap and implementation methods of onsite stability conservation and treatment of “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty are presented in this paper. Relevant monitoring and analysis data show that, there is no further deterioration trend of the preserved status of the hull of “Nanhai No.1” shipwrecks of Song Dynasty under the condition of on-site excavation, which indicates that the stability conservation and treatment scheme on its excavation site is appropriate and the implementation measures are effective.
Key Words: Marine environment; water-saturated wood; excavation site; stability conservation
安徽芜湖计村大城子遗址植硅体分析与相关问题
Study on the Phytolith of the Jicun Dachengzi Site in Wuhu, Anhui Province
邱振威1 叶润清2 罗虎2 张小雷2
Qiu Zhenwei1 Ye Runqing2 Luo Hu2 Zhang Xiaolei2
（1.中国国家博物馆，北京，100006；2. 安徽省文物考古研究所，合肥，230601）
（1. National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006;
2. Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Hefei, 230601）
内容提要：根据对先秦时期皖江下游北岸地区大城子遗址的植硅体的分析，可以发现良渚文化时期计村大城子遗址的区域气候总体暖湿趋于转凉；水稻扇型和水稻双峰型植硅体的含量和浓度整体较低但趋于增加，水稻利用已经普遍存在；结合海绵骨针对水体活动的指示，稻作农业生产可能已经成为当时一项重要的经济与生计活动。两周时期，水体活动加强，气候温暖湿润，更适宜稻作农业发展。将文化记忆的提取和文化遗产的保护纳入研究范畴，对于整个遗址的研究意义重大。
关键词：良渚文化 植硅体 水稻 采样
Abstract: This phytolith analysis was carried out on an archaeological site in the north bank of the lower reaches of the Wan River during the pre-Qin period. The results has shown that the regional climate of the Jicun Dachengzi site in Liangzhu Culture period was generally warm and humid but had a trend of gradually becoming colder. The content and concentration of Oryza-type bulliform and Double-peaked Oryza-type phytoliths were low but had a trend to increase, and rice utilization is widespread. Combining with the indication of sponge spicules for water activities, rice farming may have became an important, economic and livelihood activity at that time. During the Western and the Eastern Zhou Dynasties, water activities were strengthened and the climate was more warm and humid, which is more suitable for rice farming development at the site. In addition to the research work, we call for similar archaeological excavations, especially the full excavation of an entire site, to include more cultural memory extraction and to draw awareness of cultural heritage protection in the research.
Key Words: Liangzhu Culture; phytolith; rice; sampling