专题介绍:良渚文化研究
编者按:
距今5300—4300年,中国长江下游环太湖流域孕育了重要的地域文明——良渚文化。大量考古发现——良渚古城、贯穿全城的河道系统、城外的水坝体系、贵族墓葬以及随葬的大量精美玉器、大面积稻田、数十万斤炭化稻谷……不仅充分地展现了良渚社会的发展程度,也刷新了人们对于中华文明起源的认知。
本专题刊发了4篇文章,从良渚文化在中国和世界早期国家与社会中的地位、良渚古城区的丧葬传统、成组玉礼器与良渚文化模式、良渚文化玉器的传播对岭南地区玉器文化的影响等方面进行了研究和阐释。其中,《良渚时代的中国与世界》将良渚文化与世界各地所处时代与地域维度大致相同的古埃及、苏美尔等文明,以及中国多个早期的区域文明相比较,探索了早期文明社会的产生、发展和衰落过程;《环太湖地区史前时期头向传统的区域差异及演变》通过对环太湖地区史前时期头向传统的区域差异和陶器组合的研究,证实了从马家浜时期、崧泽时期到良渚时期,区域差异逐渐减少,文化融合、社会整合甚至政治统一的过程;玉文化作为中华文明的重要文化基因,也是良渚文明的重要内容之一。《成组玉礼器与良渚文明模式》阐释了成组(套)玉礼器不仅彰显了拥有者的身份、等级和地位,以及聚落的等级和规模,而且反映了中心和区域中心的密切关系;《岭南地区良渚风格玉器研究》认为出土于石峡遗址的良渚风格玉器应源于良渚文化。
自1936年11月良渚遗址首次发掘以来,历经80余载,良渚考古研究取得了一系列突破性成果,不仅为探索中华文明的起源提供了重要资料,也在世界早期文明发展史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔!
良渚时代的中国与世界
China and the World in Liangzhu Period
陈明辉 朱叶菲
Chen Minghui Zhu Yefei
(浙江省文物考古研究所,杭州,310014)
(Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014)
内容提要:距今五千年前后,世界各地开始出现第一批成熟文明和早期国家与社会,如苏美尔文明、古埃及文明和哈拉帕文明。最近二三十年的考古发掘证实,这一时期,中国也出现了以良渚文明为代表的多个区域文明,呈现出“满天星斗”状的文明图景。探索早期文明社会产生、发展和衰落的历程,以及不同文明的异同,是世界考古学的重大课题。
关键词:良渚时代 中国早期文明 世界早期文明
Abstract: 5000 years from now, a number of mature civilizations, early countries and societies start to emerge all over the world, for example, Sumer, ancient Egypt and Xalapa. The last 30 years archaeological work proves that, during this time, regional civilizations like Liangzhu culture arise in China. Exploring early stage of civilization, the emergence and declination of societies, and similarity and difference among civilizations, are major subjects of world archaeology.
Key Words: Liangzhu period; early civilization in China; early civilization of the world
成组玉礼器与良渚文明模式
Group of Ritual Jades and Liangzhu Cultural Pattern
方向明
Fang Xiangming
(浙江省文物考古研究所,杭州,310014)
(Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014)
内容提要:玉文化是中华文明的重要文化基因。良渚文化是东亚玉器时代发展的高峰,良渚文化成组玉礼器(成套玉礼器)标识拥有者的身份、等级和地位,彰显聚落的等级和规模,反映中心和区域中心之间的密切关系。成组玉礼器是良渚文化复杂社会组织结构和文明模式的体现。
关键词:成组玉礼器 良渚文明模式
Abstract: Jade culture is one of the key factors of Chinese culture. Liangzhu is the very peak time of eastern Asia Jade Time. Group of ritual jades embody the social status of tomb owners, represent scale of the tribe, reflect relationship between center and neighbors. Group of ritual jades is the mirror of the complicated social organization structure and cultural pattern of Liangzhu culture.
Key Words: Han Dynasty; costume forms; archaeology
环太湖地区史前时期头向传统的区域差异及演变
——兼谈良渚古城崛起的背景
Regional Differences and Changes of Head Direction Tradition in Taihu Neighborhood
Prehistoric Tombs and Concurrently Discussion on Background of Liangzhu Old City’s Rise
陈明辉
Chen Minghui
(浙江省文物考古研究所,杭州,310014)
(Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014)
内容提要:基于陶器组合的研究可知马家浜时期环太湖地区太湖西部、太湖北部和太湖南部存在明显的地域差异,这种差异在崧泽至良渚时期逐渐减弱,反映了这一区域日渐加强的文化同化和融合,这一过程在墓葬头向传统的区域差异及演变上也有所显示。良渚古城区的丧葬传统及玉器随葬和部分陶器等与苕溪下游乃至巢湖流域有着最为紧密的关系。根据墓葬头向的研究,在整个环太湖良渚时期墓葬普遍以南向为主导之时,良渚古城区仍存在两种采用不同头向传统的人群。
关键词:环太湖 史前时期 头向传统 文化演变 社会变迁
Abstract: There is obvious regional difference in pottery combinations among western Taihu, northern Taihu and Southern Taihu during Majiabang period. This difference gradually declines from Songze to Liangzhu period, indicating cultural assimilation and fusion. This trend also appears in the tombs’ heads direction tradition in this region. In Liangzhu old city, funeral custom, jade and funeral goods and some potteries are most related to lower Tunxi and Chaohu waters. Based on research of head directions in tombs, though south is the dominant style in the whole Taihu during Liangzhu period, ancient residents in Liangzhu old city use two different head directions in funeral custom.
Key Words: Taihu neighborhood; prehistorical period; head direction tradition; cultural change; society change
岭南地区良渚风格玉器研究
A Study on Liangzhu-style Jade Articles in Lingnan AreaTitles
曹芳芳
Cao Fangfang
(北京大学考古文博学院,北京,100871)
(School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University, Beijing, 100871)
内容提要:岭南地区所见良渚风格玉器按其流传性质可分为两大类,即传世品和考古出土品,传世品数量不多。出土的良渚风格玉器多出自石峡遗址,这些玉器在石峡文化之前均不见于岭南地区,其中绝大部分可以从良渚文化玉器中找出类比的相似玉器,而且在石器和陶器方面二者亦有可类比者。因此,我们认为这些玉器绝大部分是直接来源于良渚文化,是当时人群之间的直接交流。
关键词:岭南地区 良渚风格玉器 石峡文化 直接交流
Abstract: According to their circulated nature, the Liangzhu-style jade articles seen in the Lingnan area can be divided into two categories, the handed down products with small number and the archaeological excavated goods. The unearthed Liangzhu-style jade articles were from the Shixia Site, not found in the Lingnan area before Shixia Culture. However, most of them can be found the similar jade articles from the Liangzhu Culture, and the same with some stonewares and potteries. Therefore, we consider that most of these jade articles are directly derived from Liangzhu Culture, indicating the direct communication between the people at that time.
Key Words: Lingnan area; Liangzhu-style jade articles; Shixia culture; direct communication