殷墟玉器研究
编者按：
殷墟玉器代表了商代玉器的最高水平，很受学界重视。本专题刊发的7篇文章，从不同角度阐释了殷墟玉器和商代玉文化的发现、内涵、艺术、价值和研究成果。其中，《殷墟玉器的发现与研究概述》《妇好墓玉器的发现与研究》《迁台殷墟玉石器述略》，对殷墟王陵区、宫殿区以及妇好墓等殷墟出土玉器资料和研究成果的梳理与介绍，涵盖了1928－1937年殷墟发掘成果和1949年后新考古发现与研究成果，为其他研究者提供了极大便利，同时也指出新的研究方向。《甲骨文中的玉文化》通过综理甲骨文中所见的玉器及其使用情况，指出商代已经形成某种用玉制度，填补了商代玉文化研究一项空白。《妇好墓玉器的艺术成就》《妇好墓出土人像及相关问题探讨》，就妇好墓玉器的造型和装饰艺术所作讨论，为商代玉文化研究增添了新内容。而《妇好墓出土玉器中的遗玉略论》，辨识出一批前代遗玉，包括来自于北方地区的兴隆洼文化、红山文化和夏家店下层文化，西北地区的齐家文化，中原及海岱地区的龙山文化、陶寺文化和二里头文化等。其中多数经过改制，揭示出我国古代一个重要玉文化传统。
上述成果属于国家社会科学基金项目、中国社会科学院创新工程项目之成果，体现了我国当前殷墟玉文化研究的前沿态势和多学科综合研究之特点。
殷墟玉器的发现与研究概述
General Description on Yin Ruins Jade Objects Discovery and Research
丁思聪 唐际根
Ding Sicong Tang Jigen
（1．郑州大学历史学院，郑州，450001：2．南方科技大学，深圳，518055）
1. School of History Zhengzhou University. Zhengzhou 450001
2. Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055)
内容提要：自从科学的考古发掘开始以来，殷墟玉器的材料不断积累。现有对殷墟玉器的研究，主要着眼于定名与分类、考古学文化、原料和产地、制作工艺、次生变化、文献学、玉器使用制度与社会文化等方面。妇好墓出土玉器在殷墟玉器中具有至关重要的作用，也使得相关研究产生了一定的偏向。推进现有的殷墟玉器研究，有赖于玉石材质科学鉴定、玉器工艺研究、系统的类型学分析、文学研究以及用玉习俗研究等领域的深入开展。
关键词：殷墟玉器 考古学 妇好墓
Abstract: Jades unexcavated in Yin Ruins mounted up continually since archaeological excavation started. Current studies about Yin Ruins jades mainly focus on naming and classification, archaeological culture,mineral species and sources, jade-carving technology, secondary alteration, historical philology, jade using custom and consuetude rite, etc. Jades uncovered in Fuhao Tomb played a major role in Yin Ruins jades, and led to certain inclination in academic researches. Current studies could be furthered through scientific detection on materials, microscratch observation of jade-carving technology, scientific classification and periodization studies on historical philology, research of jade-using custom, etc.
Key Words: Yin Ruins jades; archaeology; Fu Hao Tomb
迁台殷墟玉石器述略
General Research on Yin Ruins Jade Objects in Taiwan
钱益汇 朱雪峰
Qian Yihui （首都师范大学，北京，100048）
Capital Normal University, Beijing. 100048)
内容提要：本文通过对迁台殷墟玉石器的系统整理，简要总结了此批玉石器的数量、类别、分布状况，并进一步探讨了有关殷墟玉石器的制作工艺与装饰手法、造型传统与使用功能等问题，为深入认识殷墟玉石器特征及相关问题提供了新材料。
关键词：迁台 殷墟 玉石器
Abstract: This article based on the collection of jade and stone artifacts in Taiwan, which was originally excavated at Xibeigang in Yin Ruins. This article summarized in number, category and distribution And issues such as the technique, ornament, traditional formation and function, were also discussed in this article. This research will provide new materials to deeply comprehend the characteristic of jade and stone artifacts in Yin Ruins and to solve some other questions.
Key Words: Taiwan; Yin Ruins: jade and stone artifacts
甲骨文中的玉文化＊
Jade Culture in Oracle Bone Scripts
徐义华
Xu Yihua
（中国社会科学院历史研究所，北京，100710）
The Institute of Archaeology CASS, Beijing, 100710
内容提要：本文从甲骨文中的“玉”字和以“玉”为偏旁的字入手，考察了甲骨文中所见的玉器及其使用情况，认为用玉在商代非常普及并且形成了一定的割度。甲骨文与传世文献中对用玉的记载侧重点不同，甲骨文中的记录是不同玉器在具体场合中的作用，传世文献的记录的玉器多作为财富与政权的象征，这是由于不同记录栽体的目的和功能不一样导致的。
关键词：玉 玉器 用玉 甲骨文 传世文献
Abstract: This article studies jade use in oracle description by analyzing oracle characters like Yu (jade) and other sided with Yu (jade). This article holds that jades usage in Shang Dynasty has formed a system. In oracles and historical materials, jade has different descriptions. Oracle usually carved with the usage of different jade objects in certain conditions while jade objects are symbol for wealth and power in historical materials. This difference emerges because oracles and historical materials share varied aim and function.
Key Words: Jade, jade objects, jade usage, oracles, historical materials
妇好墓玉器的发现与研究
Discovery and Research on the Jades from the Fu Hao Tomb
翟少冬
Zhai Shaodong
（中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100710）
The Institute of Archaeology CASS. Beiing. 100710
内容提要：妇好墓是迄今所发现的出土随葬品数量最多的一座殷墟大中型墓葬。本文梳理了妇好墓的发现和发掘过程、妇好墓的重要考古发现、妇好身份的研究，并对妇好墓出土玉器的数量、种类及其玉料、工艺、风格、文化归属等方面的相关研究做了综述。妇好墓的发现与研究为研究商代贵族的墓葬形制、丧葬制度、礼乐制度、社会发展、手工业生产等情況提供了丰富的材料。其出土的玉器也是我国单个墓葬出土玉器之最，为研究商代的制玉工艺、用玉制度、玉器功能、玉器文化等提供了不可多得的材料。
关键词：妇好墓 玉器 棺椁
Abstract: Fu Hao Tomb is a large and middle-sized burial with the largest number of grave goods found at the Yin Ruins so far. This article introduces its discovery and excavation, its important archaeological discovery, the research on the identity of Fu Hao, and the related research to the quantity, types, material technology, character, culture affiliation of unearthed jades as well. The discovery and research on Fu Hao Tomb supply rich materials for studying the shape and structure of the elites tombs, burial system, ritual system, social development and craft production during the Shang Dynasty. The jades unearthed from this tomb has a much larger number than those from any other single tomb, and provides precious information for studying jade production technology, jade usage system, jade function, jade culture and so on.
Key Words: Fu Hao Tomb；jades; inner and outer coffin
妇好墓玉器的艺术成就
The Artistic Achievement of Jades from Fu Hao Tomb
刘允东
Liu Yundong
(山东工艺关术学院人文艺术学院，济南，250300）
(School of Arts and Humanities of Shandong University of Art and Design, Ji'nan, 250300)
内容提要：妇好墓玉器与其他商代遗址出土玉器相比有相似性，也有鲜明的特点。妇好墓玉器型多样，各装附件与多种形态的装饰纹样互相组合，形成特征鲜明且变化多样的效果。在雕琢工艺上，阴线技术广泛使用，片雕与圆雕的搭配，进一步丰富了玉器的组合。这些特征的形成与材料、加工工艺、上层的意识形态及工匠的自主选择等方面的因素密不可分，因而体现出一个普遍的原则：艺术品最终形态的形成是多种因素合作用的结果。
关键词：妇好墓 玉器 艺术风格 成因
Abstract: Jades from Fu Hao Tomb have many characteristics in common with other jades from tombs unearthed at the Shang Dynasty sites, but they also have their own distinct features. The diverse shapes and the combination of all kinds of omamental accessories and decorative patterns of jades from Fu Hao Tomb form characteristic and diverse visual effects. In terms of carving techniques, the extensive use of negative line and the match of reliefs and sculptures further enrich the combinations of the jades. These characteristics are highly correlated with materials, processing techniques, the independent choices of craftsmen and ideology. Therefore, it is a general conclusion that the final forms of artwork are the result of the comprehensive eftect of vanious kinds of factors.
Key Words: Fu Hao Tomb;jades; artistic style; factor
妇好墓出土人像及相关问题探讨
Research on Jade Figurines from Fu Hao Tomb and Related Problems
王苹
Wang Ping
（中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100710）
(The Institute of Archaeology CASS, Beijing, 100710)
内容提要：通过对殷墟妇好墓出土人像和红山文化人像的对比分析，总结出殷墟妇好墓出土的人像受到了红山文化时期人像型特征、使用传统等方面的强烈影响。此外，妇好墓还出土有受红山文化风格影响的圆雕蜷体玉龙和明确属于红山文化的典型玉器。所以，商代文明社会的形成和发展及商文化的起源与辽西地区山文化有密切传承关系。红山文化时期，原始宗教信仰发达，祖先崇拜、龙图腾崇拜观念发展成熟，这两者均为商代祭祀活动的主要对象。越来越多的考古证据表明，商王朝造者的祖先可能源自西河流城。也正因如此，我们认为成于距今5300－5000年的红山文明，应为中华五千年文明的重要源头之一。
关键词：殷墟 妇好墓 玉人 红山文化 玉龙 文明
Abstract: Through a comparative analysis of the figurines in Yin Ruins Fu Hao Tomb and Hongshan Culture, it is concluded that the figurines in Fu Hao Tomb have been strongly influenced by the appearance feature and traditional function of figurines in Hongshan Culture. In addition. Fu Hao Tomb unearthed with curly-up dragon jade, which was influenced by Hongshan Culture, and with typical jade artifacts belonged to Hongshan Culture. Therefore, the formation and development of the civilized society in the Shang Dynasty and the origin of Shang culture were closely related to Hongshan Culture in western Liaoning area. During the Hongshan Culture period, the primitive religious beliefs developed. The concepts of ancestor worship and dragon totem worship complcted, both of which were the main objects of sacrificial activitics in the Shang Dynasty. More and more archaeological evidence shows that the ancestors of Shang Dynastys founders could come from the West Liaohe River asin. For this reason, we believe that the Hongshan civilization formed in 5.300 to 5.000 years ago should be one of the important sources of China s five thousand years of civilization.
Key Words: Yin Ruins; Fu Hao Tomb, jade figurines: Hongshan Culture; dragon jade; civilization
妇好墓出土玉器中的遗玉略论
Jade Objects from Previous Era Unearthed in Fu Hao Tomb
王青
Wang Qing
（山东大学文化遗产研究院．济南，250100）
Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250100
内容提要：妇好墓是迄今为止一次出土玉器最多的先秦时期墓葬，本文根据对此墓部分玉器实物的考察，识出28件前代遗玉，主要有玉玦、勾形器、勾云形珮、璇玑、玉钺、玉戚、玉琮、玉璧、有领玉璧、柄形器、鹰形笄等，来自于燕山以北地区的兴隆洼文化、红山文化和夏家店下层文化、西北地区的齐家文化，以及中原及海岱地区的龙山文化、陶寺文化和二里头文化等。其中保存完整的道玉不多，多数已被分解改制或仿制，这些做法对晚商玉器传统的形成有重要影响。
关键词：妇好墓 遗玉 晚商玉器传统
Abstract: Until now, Fu Hao Tomb contains the most number of jade objects from previous time. Based on this fact, this article observes jades in Fu Hao tomb, discerning 28 pieces of jades (including jue, hook-shaped object, Pei, Xuan Ji, Yue, gi, cong bi, handle-shaped objects, Ji. etc)from previous time. These jade objects orginally come from north of Mountain Yan, like Xinglongwa Culture, Hongshan Culture and Lower Xiajiadian Culture, Qijia Culture in the northwest; Longshan Culture, Taosi Culture and Erlitou Culture in the middle plain area and Shandong province; etc. Though there are few jades preserved in intact condition, most of them were reshaped or split, these jades have huge influence on Late Shang Dynastys jade tradition.
Key Words: Fu Hao Tomb: jade objects from previous era: late Shang Dynastys jade tradition