沉船与海上丝绸之路
编者按:
众所周知，地表面积海洋占71%，生命源于海洋，这似乎注定了人类与海洋不可分离。因此，在考察人类与海洋的互动过程中，沉船承载了大量的历史信息，记录了不同时代、不同区域、不同民族、不同文化、不同技术的人们所创造的历史，无疑成为水下考古与文化遗产保护的主要内容之一。
过去的30年，中国水下考古从无到有，队伍从小到大，力量从弱到强，海域从北到南，一艘艘沉船相继被发现，一颗颗“时间胶囊”相继被打开。南海Ⅰ号、华光礁一号、三道岗沉船、南澳Ⅰ号、珊瑚岛一号，历经宋元明清，映照着中国古代海上丝绸之路曾经的繁华，诉说着过往历史的兴衰递嬗，同时见证了中国水下考古的一步步足迹。
本刊汇聚了一批有关沉船考古成果研究的优秀论文，组成“沉船与海上丝绸之路”专题，揭示中国古代海上丝绸之路对当时航路所及之地经济发展的影响、文化交流的状况，旨在唤起人们对海上丝路考古成果的更多关注，引起学者进一步研究之兴致。
那些凝固的“时间胶囊”——沉船承载着的人类历史
Shipwreck: Time Capsules of Human History
宋建忠
Song Jianzhong
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（ National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192 ）
内容提要：科技的进步不仅改变了人类的生活方式，也影响了人类的生存环境。承载着人类历史的沉船成为人类凝固的“时间胶囊”被留存了下来，沉船的调查促成了近代海洋考古学的诞生。以我国沿海港口为中心的环中国海海域作为世界海洋文明的重要区域之一，近30年来，我国海洋（水下）考古工作者对其古代沉船进行了调查、发掘，这对古代中国海上丝绸之路及海上贸易与交通的研究具有重要的意义。
关键词：“时间胶囊” 海洋考古学 古代沉船 海上丝绸之路
Abstract: Technology development not only changes human lifestyle, but also impacts their living
environment. Sunken ships, just like time capsules, which reserve human history, are the keys to the start of maritime archaeology. The Chinese sea, as an crucial region of world maritime culture, has experienced thorough archaeological research and exploration. This work is meaningful to the study of the maritime Silk road and trade and communication in ancient China.
Key Words: Time capsules; maritime archaeology; ancient shipwreck; the maritime Silk road
华光礁一号沉船与宋代南海贸易
Research on Huaguang Reef ShipwreckⅠand Overseas Trade
on the Maritime Silk Road in the Song Dynasty
孟原召
Meng Yuanzhao
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192）
内容提要：华光礁一号沉船是一艘南宋早期的南海贸易商船，位于西沙群岛西侧中部的华光礁礁盘上。华光礁地处海上丝绸之路重要航线，是我国通往南海各国的交通要地。华光礁一号沉船通过水下考古调查和发掘，出水了一大批产自南方地区的外销瓷器，包括浙江龙泉窑、江西景德镇窑以及福建地区的德化窑、晋江磁灶窑、闽清义窑、松溪窑等诸窑产品，类别丰富，还有一些铜镜、铁条材等金属遗物，以及保存相对较好的船体构件。结合中国沿海及东南亚海域发现的沉船及其出水遗物来看，宋代特别是南宋时期的海外贸易有了新的发展，其船货类别有了一定的变化，这也反映了其贸易港口、商品来源等方面的变迁。海外贸易的发展也带动了南方沿海及邻近内地区域经济的发展，尤其是华南沿海地区宋代以来制瓷手工业的兴盛和外向型生产特征。同时，这些船货遗存在东南亚、南亚、西亚、非洲东海岸等地区均有发现，尤以外销瓷为典型代表，这正是宋元时期海上丝绸之路繁荣发展的历史见证。
关键词：海上丝绸之路 华光礁一号沉船 西沙群岛 宋代 外销瓷
Abstract: Huaguang reef shipwreckⅠ is an early Southern Song Dynasty overseas trade ship, located in Huaguang reef, in middle of western side of the Xisha Islands. Huaguang reef is a key point in the maritime Silk road, leading ways to major spots in south China sea region in the Song Dynasty. A great number of export porcelains were found in Huaguang reef shipwreckⅠ underwater archaeological survey and excavation, which were export goods produced in the south like Longquan Kiln in Zhejiang, Jingdezhen Kiln in Jiangxi and Dehua Kiln, Cizao Kiln, minqing Kiln, Songxi Kiln in Fujian. Also, bronze mirrors, metal objects and ship components in good shape are found. According to the shipwrecks in south China sea region and their excavations, trade in the Song Dynasty, especially overseas trade has new development. Changes happened in the kinds of cargo ships. This also reflects changes in trade ports and goods resources. In the meantime, overseas trade pushed south China’s regional economic development, especially in the case of prosperity of ceramic handicraft industry since the Song Dynasty in the coastal area of south Chin and the dominance of export-oriented production. Those goods found in Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Eastern Coast of Africa and their massive discoveries of export porcelains are witness to the glorious blooming of the maritime Silk road during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Key Words: The maritime Silk road; Huaguang reef shipwreck Ⅰ; Xisha Islands; Song Dynasty; export porcelains
“南海I号”南宋沉船若干问题考辨
Textual Research on“Nanhai Ⅰ” Shipwreck of Southern Song Dynasty
杨 睿
Yang Rui
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192）
内容提要：“南海Ⅰ号”南宋沉船是我国最重要的考古发现之一，出水了一大批重要的文物，为宋代海外贸易史、陶瓷史、造船史等研究提供了实物资料。本文将沉船出水的文物与历史文献相结合，从饰有珠宝的金器、玻璃茧形壶等考证沉船应载有番人，从船载的铜铁器等发现“南海Ⅰ号”违禁载铜器、铜钱和兵器，从出水的铜钱和瓷器上的干支纪年、所载瓷器的产地推定沉船的发船时间和始发港口。
关键词：“南海Ⅰ号” 南宋沉船 番人 违禁载铜铁器 始发时间 始发港口
Abstract: “NanhaiⅠ” Shipwreck of Southern Song Dynasty is one of the most important archaeological discoveries in China. A great deal of precious relics are excavated, offering materials for Song Dynasty overseas trade, ceramic history, ship-building history and so on. This paper combines relics and historical materials, based on gold crafts with jewellery, glass pots and other objects, to discuss that there should be foreigners on board. Based on metal objects, including forbidden kinds, bronze coins, weapons and time-mark on objects to speculate the start port and timeline of the ship.
Key Words: “NanhaiⅠ” ; shipwreck of Southern Song Dyansty; foreigners; banned copper and iron; start time and port of ship
绥中三道岗沉船与元代海上贸易
Suizhong Sandaogang Shipwreck and the Yuan Dynasty Overseas Trade
孙 键
Sun Jian
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（ National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192 ）
内容提要：三道岗沉船地处辽宁省绥中县，属渤海海域。绥中县位于华北平原和东北平原连接处的辽西走廊上，地扼关内外交通的咽喉。三道岗元代沉船是我国重要的考古发现之一，也是我国首次凭借自己的力量实现的水下考古发掘。沉船是一处以瓷器和铁器为主要堆积的元代遗存，本文从沉船的环境、船体、船载文物等角度，并结合文献资料对元代环渤海地区的海上交通、海外贸易进行了深入的研究、分析和探索。
关键词：三道岗沉船 元代海上贸易 航海史 陶瓷史
Abstract: Sandaogang shipwreck was found in Suizhong, Liaoning, which belongs to Bohai Sea. Suizhong is at the linking point between North China Plain and Northeast Plain, which serves as a key point in transportation. Sandaogang shipwreck is an important archaeological discovery in China. Also, it is the frst time China excavated underwater shipwreck on its own. The shipwreck mainly consists of ceramics and iron objects. This article discusses and explores based on the environment, ship-body, on board objects and historical materials.
Key Words: Sandaogang shipwreck; the Yuan Dynasty overseas trade; navigation history; ceramics history
“南澳Ⅰ号”：位置、内涵与时代
Nan’ao I Shipwreck: Location, Connotation and Time
丁见祥
Ding Jianxiang
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（ National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192 ）
内容提要：“南澳Ⅰ号”明代沉船的发现与发掘是近十年来水下考古的重要成果之一。本文根据现有材料主要考察了沉船环境、沉船事件的时代背景，并从船体、船载文物、人的角度对沉船内涵进行了初步分析。“南澳Ⅰ号”及其蕴含的大量信息，对于更好地理解隆庆开海后晚明海外贸易新格局的形成与发展具有重要意义。
关键词：“南澳Ⅰ号” 沉船内涵 时代背景
Abstract: The discovery and excavation of the Nan’ao I shipwreck is one of the most important achievements of recent underwater archaeological projects. Based on available materials, this article sets to examine the sunken ship’s environment and the story of its sinking with references to time background. Nan’ao I shipwreck’s massive information benefts to better understanding of the formation and development of the new trade pattern resulted from the 1567 maritime-trade-ban lifting.
Key Words: Nan’ao I shipwreck; shipwreck connotation; time background
珊瑚岛一号沉船遗址
Shanhu Island Ⅰ Shipwreck
邓启江 王霁
Deng Qijiang Wang Ji
（国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心，北京，100192）
（ National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100192 ）
内容提要：珊瑚岛一号沉船遗址是一处以石质文物和瓷片为主要堆积的清代遗存，石质文物多为福建闽南地区生产，瓷器窑口为福建闽南地区的德化、华安、安溪、南靖等地窑址。石质文物和瓷器的使用人群有可能为东南亚地区的华人移民。
关键词：珊瑚岛一号沉船遗址 时代 产地 输出地 使用人群
Abstract: Shanhu Island Ⅰ Shipwreck is a Qing Dynasty remains which mostly consisted of stone objects and ceramics. The stone artifacts were produced in minnan region. Ceramics were produced in Dehua, Hua’an, Anxi, Nanjing kiln sites and so on. This paper concludes that it should be the Chinese immigrants to use the above objects.
Key Words: Shanhu IslandⅠshipwreck; time; origin; output destination; user