博物馆定义与未来

编者按:

古希腊德尔菲的阿波罗神庙前门廊上刻有一句箴言:“认识你自己”。人类认识自己是一个永无休止的过程。本期集中了一批讨论博物馆定义的论文。这不是新问题，而是老问题，是看上去不成问题的问题。但人类认识史表明，不成问题的问题却常常是成问题的问题。博物馆学的本体论问题之一——“博物馆是什么”就是这样的大问题，因为已涉及全球大约六万个不同类型的博物馆。找出适用于如此众多的博物馆的共通特点，合成一个定义性的高度概括，这不是一件容易的事。本期集中发表一组对这个问题的讨论文章，显示现有国际博物馆协会关于“博物馆是什么”的解释以及各国文博界对博物馆概念的现有说明存在或多或少的缺陷，需要随着各国博物馆事业的发展变化进行适当的调整和修正。相信这种讨论对最终产生一个具有广泛覆盖性的、相对合理的定义具有参鉴意义。

博物馆定义的目标和问题
Aims and Issue of the Museum Definition
弗朗索瓦•迈赫斯*
*作者系国际博物馆协会博物馆学专业委员会主席
François Mairesse
（巴黎第三大学，巴黎）
(Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3, Paris)

内容提要：世界上最常见的博物馆定义出自国际博物馆协会。国际博物馆协会早在1946年就给博物馆下定义，至今已经过8次修订，于2007年开始使用最新版本。随着社会迅速发展，博物馆日新月异，发生了很大变化，有人质疑博物馆单一定义的合理性，提出重新定义的要求。2016年国际博物馆协会成立了“博物馆定义:前景和潜力”常务委员会，着手修订博物馆定义，将在2019年京都全体大会上发布。本文简要讨论国际博物馆协会博物馆学专业委员会对这一定义的贡献，分析当前定义的结构并详述未来定义的相关问题。
关键词：博物馆学 博物馆定义 博物馆语言 国际博物馆协会
Abstract: The most common museum definition in the world is that given by ICOM, its latest version dates from 2007. The process of modifying the ICOM definition is a relatively complex operation. ICOM first defined museum in 1946 and then overhauled its definition in 1951, 1961, 1974, 1989, 1995 and 2001.Initiated in 2004, the last redefinition process led to only a few changes. There are some other definitions of museum used by the British Museums Association or the American Alliance of Museums, which differ widely from that used by ICOM. Some people also question the relevance of a single definition of museum, suggesting the principle of a classification of the various institutions working in the museum field: do all museums do research, and should they do some? Should they all look after collections in the same way?
Between 2015 and 2016, a group of ICOM members, chaired by Bernice Murphy, met again to work on there vision of the museum definition. If some participants wished to present a new version of the definition to the 2016 ICOM General Assembly in Milan, it was recognized that in the present conditions ICOM could not commit to this path. The Milan General Assembly therefore took note of the conclusions of the working committee and created a new standing committee, Museum Definition, Prospects and Potentials, chaired by Jette Sandahl (Denmark) and composed of seven members. The conclusions of this very ambitious program of work are expected for the Kyoto General assembly in 2019. I would like, in this article, to briefly discuss the contribution of ICOFOM to that definition. I shall then analyze the structure of the current definition, before detailing, in a third part, the issues before the future definition.
Key Words: Museology; museum definition; museum languages; ICOM

博物馆新定义社会转变及全新博物馆学语境下的博物馆道德规范与角色
A New Museum Definition: Ethical Approaches and Roles of a Museum in a Changing Society and in a New Museological Context
马丁•R•谢勒*
*作者系国际博物馆协会职业道德委员会主席
Martin R. Schärer
（苏黎世大学，苏黎世）
(University of Zurich, Zurich)

内容提要：随着21世纪社会日新月异的发展，博物馆也发生了很大变化，给博物馆重新定义提上了日程。本文对现行博物馆定义做了分析评述，并从博物馆道德规范、博物馆功能与角色两方面对博物馆新定义进行了初步的探讨。在现行博物馆定义中，完全没有道德规范的内容，新定义中有必要增加。职业道德可概括为四个主要原则:诚实性、真实性、责任性、独立性。新形势下博物馆功能可归为博物馆化和可视化，而从关注藏品转移到关注观众，正是从博物馆化到可视化的进程，是博物馆发展的趋势。在新定义中应包含五个要素:博物馆化、社会、可视化、观众、道德，定义形式则可分为三类:一个非常简短的全球性定义，其中只包含一些要点;一系列有约束力的指导原则，用于解释不同要点;许多应含有ICOM认可元素的区域性或主题的适应定义。
关键词：博物馆学 博物馆定义 博物馆道德规范 社会 区域性定义 指导原则
Abstract: Ethics and the Code of Ethics don't appear at all in the actual museums definition. The paper suggests adding a new sentence concerning ethical behaviour as an important base of all activities of a museum. The main principles of the Code could be summarized with four central keywords: truthfulness (concerning our research work and our subjective view of the facts), authenticity (with respect to the information given and to the objects), responsibility (with regard to the society and to the preservation of the heritage), and independence (from political and financial outside influences).
Since a detailed explanation of these principles would overload the definition, the establishment of guidelines is suggested, as they will be provided also for the Code of Ethics itself. In addition, I propose them also for other topics of the museums definition. Such a procedure allows to maintain on one hand a long lasting short definition enumerating basic principles and on the other hand to open the possibility of bringing the definition into the line with the evolution of the society and of museology. I think that it is important to add that such bylaws must be more than just informal comments of different keywords of the definition; they must have a similar compulsory nature as the main text.
The relationship between museums and the society is a very complex theme because many topics are involved: Financing – collections – architecture – public – society - leadership. And we could add tourism – globalization – research – communication - marketing etc. The different hotspots are examined in their positions oscillating between a traditional and a modernist approach! I present my subject following the long-established duties of museum and add some overall domains like financing, marketing, and the growing importance of visitors.
So, I suggest
·Avery short general (ICOIVI] definition with just some essentials, such as musealization, society, visualization, visitor, and ethics
·A series of obliging guidelines explaining different topics
·Many regionally or thematically adapted definitions which must contain the essentials to be endorsed by ICOM
Key Words: Museology; museum definition; museum ethics; society; regional definitions; guidelines

从21世纪博物馆社会作用反思博物馆定义
Rethinking the Definition of Museum in the 21st Century in the Light of Their Social Functions 陈国宁*
*作者系国际博物馆协会博物馆学专业委员会亚太分会理事长、台北世界宗教博物馆馆长
Chen Kuo-ning
（世界宗教博物馆，台北）
(Museum of World Religions, Taibei)

内容提要：21世纪博物馆是人类历史记忆保存的重镇，是民众参加文化活动的重要场所，也是艺术家表述其个人思想并与社会对话的首选之地，甚至是凝聚社区共识、表达政治意识、传达生命教育与社会教育的中心。为适应社会需求与政府政策而产生了许多不同形式的博物馆，博物馆的作用与功能一直在外延中。博物馆的作用涵盖了文物保护、文化传承、教育、传播、服务、交流、文创增值、社会认同、休闲娱乐、观光旅游等诸多方面。而在新技术的支持下，博物馆应用信息科技、互联网、虚拟现实科技手段串连了博物馆以外的信息与知识，也联系了网络观众，博物馆的营运面临新的变革与冲击。
亚太地区受欧美影响，博物馆事业自19世纪逐步发展起来，21世纪亚太地区博物馆文化正融入各国主流文化中，并呈现出各自的文化特征。在亚太人民的心目中，博物馆是什么样的机构？国家相关法规对博物馆的定义是否包含了自身文化的特性？本文就21世纪博物馆现象及博物馆的社会作用对国际博物馆协会现行博物馆定义进行了反思，其中尤其关注亚太地区博物馆现象。
关键词：博物馆定义 博物馆社会作用 国际博物馆协会 反思 21世纪 亚太地区
Abstract: As important places for preserving human history and memory, museums of the 21st century are places for the public to participate in cultural activities and the first choice for artists to express their personal thoughts and to communicate with the society. It is also a center for establishing community coherence, expressing political awareness and spreading education on life and society. In response to the needs of society and government policies, various kinds of museums have emerged and the role and function of them have been extending. The function of the museum covers many aspects, such as preserving cultural relics, upholding cultural heritage, providing opportunities for education, dissemination, service, exchange, and cultural increment, enhancing social identification, acting as leisure and entertainment centers as well as spots for sightseeing. With the help of new technologies, such as the information technology, the Internet and virtual reality techniques, museums connect the information and knowledge of the outside world as well as the online audience while facing with new challenges.
Affected by Europe and the United States, museums in the Asia-Pacific region have gradually developed since the 19th century. In the 21st century, the culture of museums here is being integrated into the mainstream cultures of different countries while representing their own cultures. In the mind of people in Asia-Pacific region, what kind of institution is a museum? Does the characteristics of their cultures included in the definition of museums in their own national laws and regulations? From the perspective of the phenomenon and the social role of museums in the 21st century, especially those in the Asia-Pacific region, this article rethinks the current definition of museum provided by the International Council of Museums (ICOM).
Key Words: Definition of museum; social function of museum; ICOM; rethinking; 21st century; Asia-Pacific Region

博物馆——术语的操作性概念
Museum: Operational Concept of the Term
特鲁采娃•奥尔加•尼古拉耶芙娜*
*作者系国际博物馆协会博物馆学专业委员会亚太分会副理事长
Truevtseva O. N.
（阿尔泰国立师范大学，巴尔瑙尔）
(Altai State Pedagogical University, Barnaul)

内容提要：本文主要从操作性术语层面对“博物馆”概念进行思考，以充分认识博物馆这一社会机构在保护自然与文化遗产过程中发挥的实质性作用。通过分析博物馆的社会使命、博物馆的主要组成部分及其结构、功能、影响博物馆发展因素及其标准，本文整合得出了一个博物馆模型，这一模型可以对博物馆概念的指导性和操作性进行界定。这种对博物馆概念的操作性定义可以作为一种研究博物馆进程的方法论工具。
关键词：博物馆学 博物馆定义 社会机构 结构 功能 需求 研究
Abstract: The article is devoted to the consideration of the notion of "museum" as an operational term that makes it possible to fully consider the essence of this social institution in the process of preserving natural and cultural heritage. At first the author will explain what an operation concept is.
The author points at the fact that even a brief historical-genetic analysis of the origin of the museum provides grounds to view it as a social system with its individual morphology, functions and dynamics. The application of a general scientific systemic approach to the definition of the concept "museum" essentially complements the tools for researching modern museum terminology, focusing on the definition of all components of the museum process in their interdependence and on the analysis of the museum's collaboration with other systems. It essentially helps to determine the dynamics of changes and the development of social mechanisms to maintain the integrity of the museum system.
Analyzing the social mission of the museum, its main components, their structure, functions, conditions and factors affecting the development of the museum system and its criteria, the author synthesizes a model of the museum that can claim its instrumental operational definition.
According to the author, the definition has the right to exist as a methodological tool for studying the museum process. However, because of its epistemological nature, it is unlikely to be perceived as a concept suitable for use in official, especially normative legal documents, such as, for example, the ICOM Statute.
Key Words: Museology; museum definition; social institution; structure; functions; needs; research

国际博物馆协会博物馆定义浅谈
Some Remarks toward the ICOM Museum Definition
扬•多拉卡
Jan Dolák
（考门斯基大学，伯拉第斯拉瓦）
(Comenius University, Bratislava)

内容提要：人类一直都在收藏，这种“收藏天性”促使最初博物馆的形成。鉴于人性大同小异，世界各地的博物馆基本方式都极其相似。国际博物馆协会只需要一种博物馆定义，但这并不意味着众多国家的博物馆协会对博物馆都有相同的定义。从严格的科学观来看，并没有公认的、可以被证实或者证伪的博物馆定义，因此博物馆定义需要约定，而博物馆定义不能和博物馆的使命混淆。国际博物馆协会应该确认并通过不是过于狭窄也不是过于宽泛的定义。
关键词：博物馆 博物馆定义 基本方式 使命 国际博物馆协会
Abstract: Human beings have ever collected some things, they produced some artefacts, and they tried to "materialize" the world. Later that "instinct for collecting" led to the establishing of the first museums. Because humanity is more similar then different, therefore the basic approaches of museums are extremely similar maybe the same all over the world. If we visit museums world over, we can see presentation of never-ending number of cultures, but the basic "museum philosophy" in the scope of selection, the sauration and presentation is particularly similar. The museum definition can be only one for ICOM needs. But is does not means, that museums definitions of nationals associations have to be equal. The definition cannot be verified from strictly scientific methods point of view, it depends on an agreement of expert community, hence it can be only stipulate (Carl G. Hempel). The recent ICOM definition is too descriptive and consists two disturbing issues, at least. The first one is a non-profit system of funding. If any museum follow basic sings of a museum, hardly anybody is right to inquire for economic issues of this institution. The second disturbing passage is "in the service of society and its development". Everything what has been made by a human being has been done for service of society, including guns. Therefore the passage is a king of pleonasm. The museum is as a recent form of a specific relation of a man to reality that is named muzeality. It is done in way of musealisation. Whilst the definition can be fairly steady after needed changes, the museum mission is changing. There are many communicators, maybe more attractive then museums, but only museums keep real authentic witnesses of the past and therefore the museums objects have to stay in the center of museum communication. Despite the using of modern technologies, that are welcome within museums, museums have to find their new own position among other memorial intuitions and other communicators to keep balance between science an attractiveness.
Key Words: Museum; museum definition; basic approaches; mission; ICOM

21世纪博物馆再思考——对当代博物馆定义的探讨
Rethinking the Museum in the 21st Century: An Approach to a Contemporary Museum Definition
希尔德加德•菲尔艾格
Hildegard K. Vieregg
（慕尼黑哲学学院，慕尼黑）
(Munich School for Philosophy, Munich)

内容提要：在这个瞬息万变的世界，博物馆和博物馆学也需要时刻重新思考。本文通过对德国慕尼黑埃及艺术国家博物馆、中国台湾奇美博物馆、德国柏林洪堡论坛、法国巴黎凯布朗利博物馆及美国华盛顿国立美洲印第安人博物馆等21世纪新型博物馆的考察分析，探讨影响博物馆新定义的诸方面因素。博物馆的功能以及目的、哲学、文化精神、社会生活、虚拟方式都在发生着快速的变化，在重塑博物馆的定义时这些因素都应该纳入考虑之中。
关键词：博物馆类型学 博物馆学问题 当代博物馆 中国台湾奇美博物馆 德国柏林洪堡论坛 法国博物馆及美国博物馆
Abstract: To the "Museum-Harmony" by a unity of the museum building and the collections (State Museum for Egypt Art). To the trend on the development one hand to more specialized museums, and on the other hand to "Museums as a Universe" (Chimei Museum and Humboldt Forum). To museums which introduce already by outside areas visitors to topics inside (Chimei Museum: French Culture outside, adequate departments (for the Arts by Auguste Rodin or the Ark/Natural Sciences) inside. To mediation the spirit of cultures as an immaterial phenomenon besides the material objects. To various means of education (personal mediation, computer and virtual means). To including groups of society into the drafts for a conception. To adequate museum languages in the conceptions, the visual layout, by virtual possibilities and, of course, the material presentation of objects. To problems of restitution. To the use of elements from the daily life and interests of the people as `Science Fiction and Innovation' (like Nuremberg Museum). To connecting museums with libraries, academies or other outside-areas (Natural Environment) and institutions for education and learning. The rapid change in museum functions and tasks, philosophy, spirit of cultures, social life and occasions of virtual means should be included in a contemporaneous definition. All of these elements can contribute to develop a contemporaneous definition of the museum.
Key Words: Museum typology; questions of Museology; contemporary museums; Chimei Museum Taiwan, China; Humboldt Forum, Berlin, Germany ; museums in France and the USA

当前马来西亚博物馆与教育趋势
Current Trend of Museum and Education in Malaysia
珍妮特•缇*
*作者系国际博物馆协会马来西亚国家委员会秘书长
Janet Tee Siew Mooi

内容提要：在博物馆学界，马来西亚可谓东南亚地区的后起之秀。马来西亚三大先驱博物馆—霹雳州博物馆、砂拉越博物馆和雪兰获博物馆的建立，标志着博物馆学在马来西亚落地生根。进入21世纪以来，马来西亚博物馆发展势头迅猛。迄今为止，马来西亚拥有联邦博物馆21家，包括私人博物馆、美术馆等在内的其他博物馆约200家。本文梳理了马来西亚博物馆发展史，并对马来西亚博物馆教育趋势进行了初步探讨。

关键词：博物馆 博物馆教育 马来西亚 博物馆的重要性 博物馆趋势

Abstract: In the world of museology, Malaysia may be considered as one of the late bloomers in the region of South East Asia. Begins with three pioneer museums namely the Perak Museum, Sarawak Museum and Selangor Museum, the field of museology has found its ground and develop albeit slowly. The establishment of Muzium Negara or National Museum of Malaysia marked as a beacon of national solidarity and unity which transcends a multicultural society that is rich in history, beliefs and customs. Since then, Muzium Negara of Malaysia becomes one of the most revered institutes and the country's sole guardian of the national heritage. Later on, the importance of museum institution in Malaysia becomes prominent and the government of Malaysia took the initiative to establish the Department of Museum and Antiquities which was then in charge of foreseeing and managing the development of museums and conserving the heritage sites and monuments in the country. To date, there are 21 federal museums in Malaysia and about 200 other museums comprise of private museums, institution museums, art galleries and state museums. The emergence of museums institution in Malaysia was geared by economic development and the exposure of young Malaysians to museum culture and experience. In tandem with this, the education trend which now focus more on analytical thinking and social as well as cultural interaction has contributed to the elevation of museum function to be more reachable.
engaging and enriching to the public. Therefore, it is safe to suggest that, the education and economic development has played an important role to pave the way in the flourishment of museum institution in Malaysia. Now, it is a challenge for the museum professionals to be able to evolve in the 21 century by amalgamating the education trend and the museum function to create a new perspective on learning experience in the museum.
Key Words: Museum; museum education; Malaysian; importance of museum; current trend of museum

全球大众旅游背景下博物馆非物质文化遗产未来发展问题
Tomorrow's Issues of Intangible Heritage in Museumsin the Context of Global Mass Tourism
菲利普•迈罗*
*作者系法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大区遗产目录研究员、遗产委员会主任、策展人
Philippe Mairot

内容提要：20世纪60年代以来，在博物馆领域，专家与公众及公众参与之间的关系发生了深刻变化，促使博物馆研究方法改变。而2003年通过的《保护非物质文化遗产公约》将非物质范畴纳入文化遗产的定义，并将群体社区概念置于文化遗产定义的核心位置，是文化遗产定义上的重大突破。法国生态博物馆受到民族学研究方法的启发，从情境角度研究非物质文化遗产保护，促使相关群体从被动的研究对象转变成积极的参与者，推动了非物质文化遗产的创造发展。本文就博物馆研究方法转变的背景、身份研究方法对博物馆研究的影响、从认识论角度看非物质文化遗产未来发展等问题进行了初步探讨。
关键词：生态博物馆 非物质遗产 社区 身份 专家 民族学
Abstract: We will try here to examine how the profound changes of the relationships between experts and people, experts and public contribute, since the 1960s, to renew the approaches of the Museum and contribute today to bring the museums of the XXI century.
The 2003 intangible cultural heritage convention is often interpreted as a radical break with the previous definitions: Western, centered on the materiality and the knowledge of experts. By incorporating the intangible dimensions and placing communities at the heart of the very definition of the heritage, this text is supposed to operate a major reversal. It tries to link this convention to the old definition of French heritage, which is dependent on the wealth of context, including conservation insitu and including communities in the conservation process.
In "the letters in Miranda", where Quatremere de Quincy disputes in 1796 "repatriation of artworks"and refers to this "crowd of objects without value for the study, now unrelated to the ideas that gave them life", we see sources for an archaeology of the intangible cultural heritage and Ferments of the future developments of the notion of context. There is a resurgence of this pre-eminence given to the context-including the position of subject of its development-in the French model of the eco-museums. It's inspired by the method of ethnology which submits its statements not only to the scrutiny of the scientific community, but still not without risk to the human community which is the object of his research. Science and its criteria thus expose themselves to the non-scholarly world, in open discussions, and undertake to assess how this knowledge affects human groups and to favour the process of invention of the heritage as it mobilises actors as such, rather than as objects designated.
Key Words: Ecomuseum; intangible heritage; community; identity; expert; ethnology