专题介绍：多元与展览
学术主持人语：
展览展示是博物馆的重要功能之一，它不仅是表达自身目标和基本原理的关键媒介，也是观众到博物馆接受文化熏陶和艺术欣赏的主要目的。一般而言，观众接触、认知一座博物馆，始之于展览。在参观展览的过程中，观众开启了自主学习、自我建构的历程，继而才会选择接受博物馆的专门化教育，或是参与博物馆的其他活动。
展览的本质是什么？什么是一个“好的”展览？如何才能把展览做好？这恐怕是当下每一位博物馆展览策划者的终极三问。
首先，展览是对“事件”本质的阐释，而非复刻或还原。德国学者施阿尔(Schäer)将展览定义为“通过对象和场景的布置以及将其符号化，用可视化的方式解释不在场的事件”。在这一定义中，作为历史真实表征的“事件”是展览需要“解释”的对象。而美国学者乔治·埃利斯·博寇(Gorge Ellis Burcaw)在区分“陈列(display)”和“展览(exhibition)”时强调，“展示（即展览）是包含讲解的陈列；或者说，陈列是展出，而展示则是展出与诠释合二为一”。任何事实都必须通过阐释和表述才能呈现在观看者的面前。因而，展览本质上是基于事实的观点和理念的表达。其次，展览是由博物馆和观众共同完成的，以人为中心，建立博物馆与人的沟通机制是展览的目的。传统的展览注重知识、信息的传递和表现，注重理念的表达。以今天的视角看，这种博物馆本位主义本质上是一种话语权力的表现，是博物馆与观众之间不平等关系的体现。当代博物馆逐渐从博物馆本位向观众本位转变，使得展览成为博物馆与观众进行沟通、协商、对话的机制。因此，从接受维度关注观众，继而反向推动策展的转型；让观众认识到博物馆“话语”的边界和局限，从而鼓励观众的自我表达，建构自我的认知，成为当代博物馆人反思的重点。这与我国所提倡的博物馆作为社会服务机构，展览为观众服务的理念非常契合。
党的十八大以来，中国博物馆事业得到长足发展，博物馆展览更是绽放异彩，全国每年推出的展览多达两万个以上。大量的展览实践，极大地锻炼了国内博物馆策展团队的能力，提升了策展水平；但中国特色博物馆展览体系的建立建设仍然任重道远，坚持历史唯物主义理论方法，结合中国国情，融通中华优秀传统文化，借鉴吸收西方展览理论与实践经验，当是努力践行的路径。
博物馆展览是一个多元体系，涉及文物、传播、教育、公众、空间、阐释等诸多方面。本期精选的五篇论文，或从家庭观众对话的影响探讨历史类博物馆展览设计；或从出境展览塑造国家形象探讨展示中华文明优秀成果，推进文明互鉴；或从鲁迅文化展示的演进探讨展览展示的创新；或从“以人为本”的角度探讨革命人物类临展的提升；或梳理新中国成立初期抗美援朝运动中的展览会，提供历史经验。在一个专题下，具有多元的视角，希望能够对中国特色博物馆展览体系的建设研究有所助力。
闫 志
历史类博物馆中展览设计对家庭观众对话的影响研究
——以四川博物院“远古四川”展览为例
A Case Study of the Impact of Exhibition Design on Conversations Between Family Visitors in History Museums: Taking the Prehistoric Sichuan Exhibition in Sichuan Museum as an Example
胡龙超1胡诗雅2
Hu Longchao1 Hu Shiya2
（1.四川大学考古文博学院，成都，610065；2.复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
(1. School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065;
2. Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433)
内容提要：通过分析家庭观众的对话，可以了解该群体如何实现意义建构。相较科技馆、自然博物馆等场馆，历史类博物馆中的家庭观众对话受到的关注较少。本研究以四川博物院的“远古四川”展览为例，从展示空间、展示内容、展示媒介三方面深入探究展览设计对家庭观众对话的影响。研究发现合理的展品摆放位置与适宜的展示高度促进对话交流；外观特征显著的实物展品及生活化的展示内容更容易引发讨论；情景再现、可触摸展品及互动游戏装置易引发对话。博物馆可以通过创建家庭友好型教育空间、深化文物的信息阐释、丰富展示技术手段，更有效地提升家庭观众的学习效果。
关键词：家庭观众 对话 展览设计 史前文化展览 影响因素
Abstract: By analyzing family visitors’ conversations, we can understand how this group achieves meaning making. Compared to museums such as science and technology museums and nature museums, family visitors’ conversations in history museums have received less attention. Taking the Prehistoric Sichuan exhibition in Sichuan Museum as a case, the study explores the influence of exhibition design on family visitors’ conversations from three aspects: display space, display content, and display media. The study finds that reasonable placement of exhibits and appropriate display height promote conversation and exchange; physical exhibits with distinctive appearance and life-like display content are more likely to trigger discussion, and scenarios, touchable exhibits and interactive game devices are easy to trigger dialogue. Museums can create family-friendly educational spaces, deepen the information interpretation of cultural relics, and enrich the technical means of display, so as to enhance the learning benefits of family visitors more effectively.
Key Words: Family visitors; conversation; exhibition design; exhibition of prehistoric culture; influencing factors
出境展览影响塑造国家形象因素初探
——以“中国古代青铜文明”展为例
A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Outbound Exhibitions Shaping National Image:
A Case Study of the Ancient Chinese Bronze Culture Exhibition
焦越涵
Jiao Yuehan
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
(Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai,200433)
内容提要：出境展览作为国家形象自塑的新手段，在境外观众中产生的真实反响亟须深入挖掘与科学评估。以“中国古代青铜文明——从神到人”出境展览为例，通过全面搜集韩国观众在社交平台发布的网络评论并展开质性分析，发现文物价值在国家形象塑造中发挥根本作用，技术应用、配套资料也产生一定影响，其中认知差异是塑造过程中面临的核心矛盾。因此，出境展览策划上应强调以物证史，重视科技手段应用，坚守国家利益与民族底线，夯实学术支持并力求多面主导，从而助力国家形象的正面有效塑造。
关键词：出境展览 展览评估 质性分析 国家形象
Abstract: As a new way of shaping national image, outbound exhibitions need to be deeply explored and scientifically evaluated for their true response among overseas visitors. Taking the Ancient Chinese Bronze Culture: From God to Human as an example, by comprehensively collecting online comments posted by Korean visitors on social media and conducting qualitative analysis, it is found that the value of cultural relics plays a fundamental role in shaping the national image, and the application of technology and supporting materials also have a certain impact. Among them, cognitive differences are the core contradictions faced in the shaping process. Therefore, the outbound exhibitions should use material evidence to prove history, value the application of technological means, stick to national interests and bottom lines. Consolidate academic support, and strive for multifaceted leadership, in order to help shaping the positive national image effectively.
Key Words: Outbound exhibition; exhibition evaluation; qualitative analysis; national image
纪念、展示与消费：鲁迅及其文学的博物馆化研究
Commemoration, Exhibition and Consumption: The Musealization of Lu Xun and His Literature
赵慧君
Zhao Huijun
（青岛市博物馆，青岛，266100）
(Qingdao Museum, Qingdao,266100)
内容提要：在跨学科的影响下，博物馆、纪念馆和主题公园等展示空间被纳入现当代文学的范畴。以博物馆、纪念馆和主题公园中的鲁迅为研究对象，既可以讨论展示空间中的鲁迅是如何继承传统的文学色彩和革命精神，也可以考察其是如何随着文化消费与文化旅游的日渐兴盛而被商业化的。这种独特的空间策略和视觉叙事与文本中的鲁迅形成了某种呼应，并折射出当代中国社会多重观念之间的复杂性。
关键词：鲁迅 博物馆 主题公园 现当代文学 商业化
Abstract: Under the influence of interdisciplinarity, exhibition spaces such as museums, memorials and theme parks have been included in the scope of modern and contemporary literature. This paper takes Lu Xun in museums, memorials and theme parks as the object of study and discusses how LuXun in exhibition spaces inherits the traditional literary colors and revolutionary spirit, and how has been commercialized with the growing popularity of cultural consumption and cultural tourism. This unique spatial strategy and visual narrative not only echoes the Lu Xun in the text, but also reflects the complexity and hybridity of multiple ideologies in contemporary Chinese society.
Key Words: Lu Xun; museum; theme park; modern and contemporary literature; commercialization
坚持以人为本，提升革命人物类临展水平
——结合“红色财政金融先驱毛泽民烈士生平业绩展”探讨
Adhere to People-oriented to Improve the Level of Temporary Exhibition of Revolutionary Figures: Combined with the Red Financial Pioneer Mao Zemin Martyr's Life Performance Exhibition
王文红1 孟岩2
Wang Wenhong1 Meng Yan2
（1.德州市博物馆，德州，253017；2.平原县文化和旅游局，平原，253100）
(1. Dezhou Museum, Dezhou, 253017;2. Culture and Tourism Bureau of Pingyuan County, Pingyuan, 253100)
内容提要：革命类纪念馆是我国博物馆体系的重要组成部分，担负着传播革命文化、进行爱国主义教育的重任。纪念馆通过定期推出革命人物类临时展览，充分发挥爱国主义教育基地作用，已是比较成熟且普遍的做法。但是囿于各种原因，革命人物类临时展览存在不重视策展团队建设、内容过于严肃、同质化严重等问题。为更好地解决当下存在的问题，本文结合“红色财政金融先驱毛泽民烈士生平业绩展”的策展实践，探索创新提高革命人物类临展水平的路径，以期为业界提供些许借鉴，推动革命类纪念馆事业高质量发展。
关键词：革命类纪念馆 革命人物类临展 策划实践 创新探索
Abstract: Revolutionary memorial museum is an important part of China's museum system, which plays an important role in spreading revolutionary culture and carrying out patriotic education. It is a mature and common practice for the memorial museum to give full play to its role as a base for patriotic education by regularly launching temporary exhibitions of revolutionary figures. However, due to various reasons the temporary exhibition of revolutionary figures has some problems, such as not paying attention to the construction of curatorial team, too serious content and serious homogeneity. In order to better solve the current problems, this paper combined with the curatorial practice of the Red Financial Pioneer Mao Zemin Martyr's Life Performance Exhibition, to explore innovative ways to improve the level of the exhibition of revolutionary figures, in order to provide some references and promote the high-quality development of the revolutionary memorial museum.
Key Words: Revolutionary memorial museum; temporary exhibition of revolutionary figures; planning practice; innovative exploration
从思想到行动：抗美援朝运动中的展览会（1950—1953）
From Ideology to Action:
The Exhibitions in the Campaign in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea(1950-1953)
常嘉意
Chang Jiayi
（莱斯特大学博物馆学院，莱斯特）
(School of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester)
内容提要：在中华人民共和国成立初期，党的主要任务是加强国内外对新政权的认同，完成社会主义革命和推进社会主义建设。此时，抗美援朝运动中的展览会不仅参与了宣传正当化的过程，还推动了国家建设，赢得了更有利的国内国际环境。抗美援朝叙事之所以能够将国外冲突作为国内建设和政治参与的动力，是因为其主要矛盾是阶级冲突。博物馆的解释是由“当下”塑造的，也因此是理解其时社会的窗口。
关键词：抗美援朝 展览会 宣传动员 政治参与
Abstract: In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the main task of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was to strengthen the recognition of the new state at home and abroad complete the socialist revolution, and promote socialist construction. The exhibitions held during the Campaign in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in the early 1950s not only participated in the legitimization of publicity, but also promoted national construction and won a more favorable domestic and international environment. The reason why it is possible for the narrative of the Campaign in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea to use foreign conflicts as a driving force for domestic construction and political participation is because they are both fundamentally class conflict. The interpretation of museums is shaped by the present and therefore serves as lenses for understanding the society of that time.
Key Words: The Campaign in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea; exhibition; publicity and mobilization; political engagement