数字博物馆2.0——智能化时代线上博物馆的未来
Digital Museum 2.0: The Future of Virtual Museum and Online Exhibition in the Intellectualized Era
赵 婧
Zhao Jing
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：自新冠肺炎疫情暴发以来，大量博物馆采取闭馆或限流的措施。人们再次把目光投向数字博物馆，对数字博物馆的发展提出了新的要求。由此一些数字博物馆进行了相关尝试：一是通过海量的数据聚合，加之与物、人的整合，将墙内的信息搬到无墙的时空，实现可及性和联通性的最大化；二是通过高清成像、虚拟现实等智能技术，实现虚拟展厅的无障碍游览，藏品的高清化和真实化，消除界面，增强直感性；三是针对观众角色的转变，开发出一系列高度个性化、开放化和定制化的用户友好功能，创造积极意义的访问者。在数字博物馆2.0时代下，数字博物馆不再是实体博物馆的补充，不再是将线下搬到线上，而是形成一种独立于实体博物馆之外的超越性体验。这种超越性体验或将为后疫情时代下博物馆发展提供一些新思路和角度。
关键词：数字博物馆 超越性 数据聚合 智能科技 深度交互
Abstract: Under the COVlD-19 pandemic, a great number of museums close or subject to limited capacity. Digital museums become the center of attention and are required to update to meet the new demands. There have been many attempts made by multiple digital museums. New blueprints have been drawn in terms of the future of exhibition curation. Firstly, metadata of exhibits and collections are gathered to transfer the information beyond physical scope, as a result to maximize accessibility and connectedness. Secondly, smart technologies such as high-resolution image, virtual reality and augmented reality allow the barrier-free virtual tour of exhibitions, HD representation of exhibits, and so to eliminate intermedium and enhance immediacy. Thirdly, according to the change of the audience, numerous highly personalized, entertaining, and user-friendly functions are carried out to realize a diversified access and a group of active users. In the 2.0 mode, digital museums are no longer complementary to physical museums-transferring of line content to online, creating a transcendent experience independent from the physical museum, which provides some new thoughts and angles for Chinese digital museum in the post-pandemic era.
Key Words：Digital museum; transcendent; metadata; smart technologies; in-depth interaction
比较史学视角下的博物馆比较展探析
Research on Museum Comparative Exhibitions from the Perspective
of Comparative History
史明立
Shi Mingli
（南越王博物院，广州，510030）
（Nanyue King Museum, Guangzhou, 510030）
内容提要：博物馆比较展是通过比较的方式，呈现多个对象的特点及相互关系的一类展览。但当前一些展览对比较手法的运用主要停留在呈现异同的层面，未充分发挥出比较的价值。明确比较展的内涵和存在问题，并将比较史学的理论成果引入此类展览的策展理论与实务中，可以厘清其中未被言明的策展逻辑。合理选取比较的对象，明确界定比较的规模与内容，客观对待比较对象的同与异，不但有益于展览理论的深入及比较有效性的提升，而且可以使比较展摆脱描述的局限，更好地呈现解释，从而引导观众形成一个完整的思维过程。
关键词：展览 比较 比较史学 解释
Abstract: Museum comparative exhibitions are exhibitions that present the characteristics and interrelationships of multiple objects by the way of comparison. However, the current use of comparison in some exhibitions is mainly at the level of presenting similarities and differences, and the value of comparison has not been fully utilized. By clarifying the connotation and problems of comparative exhibitions and introducing the theory of comparative history into the curatorial theory and practice, the unspoken curatorial logic can be clarified. Moreover, by reasonably selecting the objects of comparison, determining the scale and content of comparison, and objectively treating the similarities and differences of the objects, it is not only beneficial to the depth of exhibition theory and the enhancement of the effectiveness of comparison, but also enables comparative exhibitions get rid of the limitation of description and better present explanation, thus guiding the audience to form a complete thinking process.
Key Words: Exhibition; comparison; comparative history; explanation
中国红色文化研学旅行研究综述
Overview of Red Educational Tours in China
赵桂玲
Zhao Guiling
（浙江大学艺术与考古学院，杭州，310028）
（School of Art and Archaeology of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028）
内容提要：红色文化研学旅行的研究可追溯至2016年，7年间成果斐然。对其进行综述研究是探寻红色文化研学发展历程、问题聚焦和发展对策的必要之举。经过筛选，以195篇相关文献为研究样本。对研究成果进行系统化的梳理与总结，得出两个阶段的发展历程、宏观与微观视角的议题聚焦。鉴于文献研究，归纳当前红色文化研学旅行研究存在着核心概念认知偏差、研究趋同、利益相关主体视角有限、思辨性审视匮乏、专题性实务研究不足等问题。展望未来研究应重视基础理论研究、深度把握应用理论、多主体视角切入、思辨性看待问题以及推进红色文化研学旅行的专业化、精细化研究。
关键词：红色文化研学旅行 纵向维度 横向维度
Abstract：The research on red educational tours dates back to 2016 and has been fruitful in seven years. A review study of it is necessary to explore the development history, problem focus and development countermeasures of this question. After screening, 195 pieces of relevant literature were used as research samples. The research results are systematically sorted and summarized, and two stages of development history. Macro and micro perspectives of issue focus are derived. In view of the literature research, it is summarized that the current research on red educational tours has problems such as cognitive bias of core concepts, convergence of research, limited perspective of stakeholders, lack of discursive review, and insufficient thematic practical research. Looking forward to future research should pay attention to basic theoretical research, in-depth grasp of applied theory, multiple subject perspectives cutting through, discursive look at the problem as well as promoting the specialization and refinement of red educational tours.
Key Words：Red educational tours; vertical dimension; horizontal dimension
重建、表达与叙事
——博物馆线上展览内容设计路径探析
Reconstruction, Expression, and Narration:
Exploring the Design Path of the Museum Online Exhibition
彭 侃
Peng Kan
（南京市博物总馆，南京，210016）
（Nanjing Museum Administration, Nanjing, 210016）
内容提要：近年来，线上展览已经成为博物馆展览形式的新业态。它不仅仅是一个概念或形式还应是一个内容主导下的非典型展览实体。传播学、叙事学能有效地厘清线上展览的理念、观点和思路，基于展览内容和路径设计，线上展览实质上应从线上展厅的重建入手，利用选题规避不利条件，注重空间表达和文图设计表达，并且结合线上展览相较线下展览的优势，尝试使用更多的叙事学工具，以此探析线上展览可以参考遵循的设计思路。
关键词：线上展览 策展路径 展览叙事 内容设计
Abstract：In recent years, online exhibition has become a new format of museum exhibition. Dominated by content, online exhibition is not only a concept or form, but also an atypical exhibition entity. Communication and narratology can put the ideas and viewpoints of online exhibition in order effectively. Based on the text design, online exhibition should focus on the reconstruction of the online hall, including online space design and online graphic design. In addition, online exhibition can try to use more narratology tools to explore the text design path and curating method.
Key Words：Online exhibition; curating methods; narration; content design
傅斯年与历史博物馆划归中央研究院历程考述
Fu Ssu-nien and the Transfer of Jurisdiction of the Museum of History in Peiping
辛迪1 李守义2
Xin Di1 Li Shouyi2
（1.中国书店出版社，北京，100050；2.中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（1. Cathay Bookshop Publishhouse, Beijing, 100050; 2. National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：傅斯年在民国学界是一位既能从事学术研究，又有能力组织学术活动及进行行政管理的多面手，堪称“学术精英群体聚合的纽带性人物”。1929年8月，在傅斯年的推动下，历史博物馆划归中央研究院。本文通过系统梳理历史博物馆划归中央研究院期间的有关史料，对傅斯年推动历史博物馆划归中央研究院并由历史语言研究所代管、组建中央研究院历史博物馆筹备处、调整历史博物馆由中央研究院直接管理的史实进行了钩沉，揭示时局动荡下，傅斯年在历史博物馆划归中央研究院历程中所发挥的作用。
关键词：历史博物馆 中央研究院 历史语言研究所 傅斯年
Abstract: Fu Ssu-nien was not only an expert in academic research but also a good hand in organizing and administrating academic and governmental affairs, known as “the all-arounder in the academic elite group”. In August 1929, when he was director of the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, he pushed the transfer of jurisdiction of the Museum of History to the Academia Sinica. This paper systematically combs the historical materials regarding this transfer, the museum's administration implemented by the Institute of History and Philology, the formation of the Academia Sinica History Museum preparatory office, and the later adjustment which put the museum under the direct management of the Academia Sinica, to summarize Fu Ssu-nien’s role and his contribution in museum’s development at turbulent times.
Key Words: Museum of History, Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology, Fu Ssu-nien
明代皇室寿山石玺印研究——以佛道玺印为重点
A Study on Imperial Seals of Shoushan Stone in Ming Dynasty: Focusing on
Buddhist and Taoist Seals
董胤
Dong Yin
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：寿山石作为中国四大名石之一，使用的历史已逾千年，至明末清初时受到世人重视，并深刻影响了篆刻及石雕艺术的发展。故宫博物院所藏明代寿山石玺印是明代帝后宝玺的重要组成部分，对我们研究寿山石文化发展脉络及明代寿山石文化具有重要价值。本文从寿山石与明代帝后玺印关系、明代皇室寿山石玺印钮饰研究及明代帝后寿山石玺印与皇室佛道信仰三个方面对明代皇室寿山石玺印种类、特点、材质及雕刻等内容进行梳理和研究，以期对其有较为系统的认识，并引发当下寿山石文化传承与发展的新思考。
关键词：寿山石 玺印 篆刻 道教 佛教 钮饰
Abstract：As one of the four famous stones in China, Shoushan stone has been used for over a thousand years. It was highly valued by the world during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and deeply influenced the development of seal cutting and stone carving art. The Ming Dynasty Shoushan stone seal collected by the Palace Museum is an important component of the Ming Dynasty imperial and empress seal, and has important value for us to study the development of Shoushan stone culture and Ming Dynasty Shoushan stone culture. This article sorts out and studies the types, characteristics, materials, and carvings of Shoushan stone seals in the Ming Dynasty from three aspects: the relationship between Shoushan stone seals and Ming Dynasty imperial seals, the study of Ming Dynasty imperial Shoushan stone seal button decorations, and the relationship between Ming Dynasty imperial seals and royal Buddhist beliefs, in order to have a more systematic understanding of them and trigger new thinking on the inheritance and development of Shoushan stone culture at present.
Key Words：Shoushan stone; seal; seal cutting; Taoism; Buddhism; button decoration
明成化三彩鸭形香熏炉的工艺研究
Study on the Technology of one Tricolor Duck-shaped Incense Burner in Chenghua Period of Ming Dynasty
杨玉洁1 段鸿莺1 翁彦俊2
Yang Yujie1 Duan Hongying1 Weng Yanjun2
（1.故官博物院，北京，100009；2.景德镇御窑博物院，景德镇，333099）
（1. The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009; 2. Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Institute, Jingdezhen, 333099）
内容提要：明成化三彩鸭形香熏炉在景德镇明清官窑遗址成化地层出土，但明清宫廷文献及藏品中均未有相对应的记录或收藏。针对该文物的历史、工艺及功用信息进行考证并结合科技检测分析后发现，该文物在装饰上实际为釉下彩、釉上彩、低温铅釉相结合，并非单纯三彩工艺，成型综合了捏塑、印坯、板镶、镂空、雕刻等工艺，相较同时期其他产品，是具有特殊性和试验性的创新作品。并推测该器物之所以生产后未能进入宫廷使用与其自身进气口设计缺陷存在一定关系，从功能的视角解释了该类作品未能进入宫廷使用的原因。
关键词：明代 三彩鸭形熏炉 技术与功能
Abstract：The tricolor duck-shaped incense burner was unearthed from Chenghua formation of Jingdezhen imperial kiln site, but there is no corresponding record or collection in court documents and collections. Based on the historical, technological and functional information of the cultural relic, and combined with scientific testing and analysis, it was found that the decoration of this relic was actually a combination of underglaze color, overglaze color and low temperature lead glaze. It was not a simple tricolor process. The molding integrated kneading, printing, plate inlaying, hollowing, carving and other processes. Compared with other products in the same period, it was a special and experimental innovative work. It is speculated that the reason why the artifact could not be used in the court after production may be related to the design defect.
Key Words：Ming dynasty; tricolor duck-shaped incense burner; technological and functional
所见即所知
——英国博物馆中民族志照片的阐释利用研究
What You See Is What You Know?
A Study on the Interpretation and Utilization of Ethnographic Photographs in British Museums
王雅豪
Wang Yahao
（西北大学文化遗产学院，西安，710127）
（School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127）
内容提要：在英国的一些博物馆中，民族志照片除了被收藏和保存为档案资料外，常用作辅助材料或是展品，为对特定文化的描述或叙事提供视觉现实。作为易在博物馆的知识生产实践中被边缘化的博物馆藏品，其价值、意义和所蕴含的文化情感都值得深入解析、欣赏和阐释。博物馆可以通过对民族志照片阐释和利用来搭建其与原住民社区的合作关系，展现多元的观点，并突出照片在唤醒族群记忆和加强文化认同中的潜力。
关键词：民族志照片 博物馆 阐释 情感 记忆
Abstract：In some Britain's museums, ethnographic photographs, in addition to being collected and preserved as records, are often used as supporting materials or exhibits to provide a visual reality for the description or narrative of a particular culture. As museum collections that can be easily marginalized in the museum's knowledge production practices, the value, significance and cultural sentiments embedded in them deserve to be analysed, appreciated and interpreted in depth. Through the interpretation and utilization of ethnographic photographs, museums can also seek collaboration with indigenous communities, presenting diverse perspectives, and highlighting the potential of photographs to evoke community memory and strengthen cultural identity.
Key Words：Ethnographic photographs; museums; interpretation; emotion; memory
革命纪念馆党史学习教育模式探析
——以渡江胜利纪念馆为例
Analysis on Party History Learning and Education in Revolutionary Memorial Halls:
Taking Victory Memorial Hall of Crossing the Yangtze River Campaign as an Example
唐郦薇
Tang Liwei
（南京市博物总馆，南京，210016）
（Nanjing Museum Administration, Nanjing, 210016）
内容提要：革命纪念馆作为传承红色基因、增强文化自信、培育和弘扬爱国主义精神的重要阵地，应深入挖掘红色文化资源，创新教育手段，不断提升教学成效。本文基于渡江胜利纪念馆长期以来开展党史学习教育的实践经验，探究将“探—思—践”融入大、中、小学校党史学习教育全过程，推进党史学习教育常态化、长效化。
关键词：革命纪念馆 中共党史 党史学习教育 渡江胜利纪念馆
Abstract: The revolutionary memorial hall, as an important position to inherit the red gene, enhance cultural confidence, and promote patriotism, should dig deep into the red cultural resources, innovate the means of education, and constantly enhance teaching effectiveness. Based on the experience of teaching history of the Communist Party of China in Victory Memorial Hall of Crossing the Yangtze River Campaign, this paper explores the integration of “exploration-enlightenment-practice” into the whole teaching process of history of the Communist Party of China in universities, middle schools and primary schools, promoting the normalization and long-term effectiveness of Party history learning and education.
Key Words：Revolutionary Memorial Hall; history of the Communist Party of China; Party history learning and education; Victory Memorial Hall of Crossing the Yangtze River Campaign
国家典籍博物馆青少年情境式教育活动的实践与思考
——以“我是小小讲解员”课程为例
Practice and Thinking of Situational Education Activities for Teenagers in the National Museum of Classic Books: Taking the Course I am a Little Interpreter as an Example
余木子
Yu Muzi
（中国国家图书馆，北京，100081）
（National Library of China, Beijing, 100081）
内容提要：本文基于情境教学的概念及要素分析，结合国家典籍博物馆藏品及展览特征，探讨将情境教学应用于青少年教育活动的背景、必要性及可行性，并以国家典籍博物馆自主特色社教品牌“我是小小讲解员”课程为例，阐释国家典籍博物馆教育人员在课程策划与实施中，具体应用情境教学的方式方法，以及青少年在参与过程中的学习感受与实际效果。在此基础上，本文从博物馆、青少年、社会责任三个视角揭示情境教学对于国家典籍博物馆品牌塑造、公共教育职能发挥以及青少年文化自信培育等方面的重要作用及意义，并进一步探讨国家典籍博物馆未来优化情境式教育活动的努力方向。
关键词：博物馆 青少年 社教活动 情境教学 讲解培训
Abstract：Based on the analysis of the concept and elements of situational teaching, combined with the collection and exhibition features of the National Museum of Classic Books, this paper analyzes the background, necessity, and feasibility of applying situational teaching to youth education activities, and takes the course of I am a little interpreter, an independent social education brand of the National Museum of Classic Books, as an example, explain the specific application of situational teaching methods and objectives in curriculum planning and implementation by the education personnel of the National Museum of Classic Books as well as the learning experiences and practical effects achieved by teenagers during the participation process. On this basis, this paper reveals the important role and significance of situational teaching in the brand building of the National Museum of Classic Books, the exertion of public education functions and the cultivation of cultural self-confidence of teenagers from the three perspectives of museum, youth and social responsibility. Additionally, it further discusses the direction of efforts of the National Museum of Classic Books to optimize situational education activities in the future.
Key Words：Museums; teenagers; social education activities; situational teaching; explanation and training
博物馆联合办展场地评估工作的现状及要素分析
——以故宫博物院的实践为例
An Analysis of the Current Situation and Exhibition Site Evaluation for the Museum's Joint Exhibitions: Taking the Practice of the Palace Museum as an Example
吕韶音
Lyu Shaoyin
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing,100009）
内容提要：在博物馆联合办展工作中，为更大限度地保障文物安全，由文物收藏单位在出借藏品前对展览场地进行综合评估逐渐成为一项重要环节。然而不同博物馆对展场评估工作的重要性尚未达成统一认识，实际操作也有较大差异。故宫博物院总结多年实践经验，将展场考察与特定文本材料相结合，通过细化评估要素构建完整的展场评估流程，尝试借鉴《标准设备报告》并使其本土化，努力推动展场评估工作的科学化、标准化发展。
关键词：博物馆 展场评估 展场考察 《标准设备报告》
Abstract：In the museum's joint exhibitions, in order to ensure the safety of cultural relics, it has gradually became an important link for cultural relics collection institutions to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the exhibition venue before lending the collections. However, different museums have not yet reached a unified understanding of the importance of exhibition site evaluation, and the actual operation is also quite different. The Palace Museum summed up years of practical experience, combined the exhibition site inspection with specific materials, built a complete exhibition site evaluation process by refining the evaluation elements, tried to learn from the Standard Facilities Report and localized it, and strived to promote the scientific and standardized development of the exhibition site evaluation work.
Key Words：Museum; exhibition site evaluation; exhibition site inspection; Standard Facilities Report