试论玉剑璏的时空格局
Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Jade Scabbard Slide
梁 壮
Liang Zhuang
（北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院，北京，100083）
（Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083）
内容提要：玉剑璏是春秋晚期至魏晋时期贵族佩剑剑鞘上的一种玉饰，本文搜集了国内271处遗址出土的346件玉剑璏，通过型式分析，将其形态分为五型，又据其顶面装饰特点将纹饰归为七类。综合考虑各时期玉剑璏的形态与纹饰特征，将其划分为萌芽、发展、兴盛、衰落和消亡五个发展阶段。因这批材料具有相对明确的出土位置信息，进而勾勒出玉剑璏在春秋晚期的中原地区出现后迅速传播，两汉时广泛见于各地高等级墓葬，魏晋时期集中于南方长江一线的时空分布特征。
关键词：玉剑璏 时空分布 出土文物 玉器
Abstract: The jade scabbard slide is a kind of jade ornament on the scabbard of noble swords from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. This paper collected 346 jade scabbard slide excavated from 271 sites in China, and divided their forms into five types through type analysis, and grouped the ornaments into seven categories according to their top decoration characteristics. Considering the forms and decorative characteristics in each period, it is divided into five development stages: germination, development, prosperity, decline and extinction. Since they have relatively clear excavation location information, this paper is able to outline the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of jade sword scabbard, which appeared in the Central Plains in the late Spring and Autumn Period and then spread rapidly, was widely seen in high-grade tombs in the Han Dynasty, and was concentrated in the Yangtze River area in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Key Words: Jade scabbard slide; spatiotemporal distribution; unearthed relics; jade
金朝陵寝防护制度初探
Research on the Protection System of Mausoleum in Jin(1115-1234) Dynasty
姜子强1 娜和娅2
Jiang Ziqiang1 Na Heya2
（1.通辽市博物馆，通辽，028005；2.巴林右旗博物馆，巴林右旗，025150）
（1. Tong Liao Museum, Tong Liao, 028005; Bairin Right Banner Museum, Bairin Right Banner, 025150）
内容提要：有金一代，十分重视对于帝王陵寝的防护。其中，文献记载的陵寝防护制度主要有设置陵寝管理机构、奉陵邑、禁止陵区樵采射猎活动以及封祀陵山等。通过考古发现的保护措施有陵区防水、陵寝防盗和尸体防腐等。防护制度作为陵寝制度的有机组成部分，绍续承袭了中原王朝的陵寝传统，也吸收汲取了辽朝陵寝因素，折射出金朝统治者接受华夏礼仪文明的表征。
关键词：金朝 陵寝制度 陵寝防护 丧葬习俗
Abstract: The Jin (1115-1234) Dynasty attached great importance to the protection of mausoleum. It is studied from two perspectives: literature and archaeological discovery. The mausoleum protection system recorded in the literature mainly includes: set up mausoleum management organization, mausoleum serving the counties, woodcutting and hunting in the mausoleum area are prohibited and sacrificial worship of the mountain. Preservation measures found through archaeology include: mausoleum of waterproof, mausoleum guard against theft and embalmment. Jin Dynasty mausoleum protection system as a part of the mausoleum system, inheriting the mausoleum tradition of Central Plains dynasty and absorbing the mausoleum factor of Liao Dynasty, reflects the Jin Dynasty rulers accept the performance of Chinese etiquette civilization, it can be regarded as an epitome of the Jin Dynasty mausoleum system.
Key Words: Jin (1115-1234) Dynasty; mausoleum system; protection of mausoleum; funeral custom
曲阜孔庙清雍正铜胎画珐琅五供来源考
Research on the Origin of Five Sacrificial Objects of Copper Core Painted Enamel of Qufu Confucius Temple during Qing Dynasty of Yongzheng Period
于艳龙
Yu Yanlong
（孔子博物馆，曲阜，273100）
（Confucius Museum, Qufu, 273100）
内容提要：以孔子博物馆藏曲阜孔庙黄地彩绘缠枝牡丹纹铜胎画珐琅五供为研究对象，在查阅《清实录》、内务府造办处档案、雍正朝谕旨、孔府档案等大量文献资料基础上，详细考证了它制作的历史背景、谕旨制作时间及流程、御赐流传经过，明确了其作为御赐祭器以供孔庙大成殿祭祀孔子的特殊属性，该套器物的制作同时也是雍正皇帝尊孔，特别是孔庙遭雷火后，谕仿皇宫之制重建以垂永世的重要组成部分。
关键词：五供 孔庙 雍正 寿皇殿
Abstract: This paper takes the yellow ground interlocking tree-peony painting five sacrificial objects of copper core painted enamel in Confucius Museum as the research object. After investigating several historical literature like The Veritable Records of The Qing, Imperial Household Department Workshops files etc., the author makes a detailed research on the historical background, the time and process of the production, and the transmission as imperial gift of the five supplies of the painted enamel. Also, the author clarifies their special functions as the sacrificial vessel for Hall of Great Consummation of the Confucius Temple. The production of this set of vessels is also an important part to show the emperor Yongzheng's respect of Confucius, which is an important part of the reconstruction of Confucius Temple after it was damaged by lightning.
Key Words: Five sacrificial objects; Confucius Temple; Yongzheng; Hall of Imperial Longevity
构建博物馆观众研究、展览与教育实践共同体——来自长沙博物馆“哇哦 博物馆”展览的启示
Building a Collaborative Community Among Visitor Studies, Exhibition Development, and Educational Practices in Museums:
A Case Study on Wow Museum Exhibition in Changsha Museum
季娇1刘晴贤2 吴婉2陈子慧2 苑瑞3
Ji Jiao1 Liu Qingxian2 Wu Wan2 Chen Zihui2 Yuan Rui3
（1.中南大学马克思主义学院，长沙，410083；2.长沙博物馆社会教育部，长沙，410000；
3.湘西土家族苗族自治州考古研究和文物保护中心，吉首，416011）
（1. School of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha, 410083; 2. Department of Social Education, Changsha Museum, Changsha, 410000; 3. Archaeological Research and Cultural Relics Protection Center of Xiangxi Tujiazu and Miaozu Autonomous Prefecture, Jishou, 416011）
内容提要：在博物馆，观众是展览与教育的共同服务对象，观众研究为博物馆提供理解观众的窗口。展览为博物馆实现社会教育使命提供了载体，教育实践为活化博物馆展览、加强博物馆履行社会使命提供了路径。因此，博物馆可以以观众研究为媒介，构建研究、展览和教育实践共同体，助力博物馆工作高质量、可持续发展。基于此，选取长沙博物馆“哇哦 博物馆”儿童展览为实践场域，通过博物馆工作者和高校研究者合作开展一项以儿童观众提问为对象的观众研究，探索以观众研究为基础促进博物馆展览和教育工作发展的有效模式。在研究过程中，团队成员利用讨论、对话、互动、反思、实地考察等多种方式，分析观众研究对具体展览与教育实践工作的启示，探索依托观众研究促进展览教育实践高质量发展的可行模式。
关键词：展教合一 观众研究 实践共同体 专业化
Abstract: Museum exhibitions are the foundation of museum to fulfill the social value, and museum educational practices create interactive opportunities to support museum exhibition development. In this case we conducted a visitor study as a media to explore the mechanism of connecting exhibition development and museum education work. Specifically, we analyzed children's questions from the worksheet in Wow Museum exhibition, as a way to reflect and innovate museum work practices, and understand how exhibition development, museum education work, and visitor studies are interrelated and mutually influenced. This study may contribute to offering directions for Chinese museums to establish a collaborative work community in museums, and further facilitate museums running in a sustainable and collaborative approach.
Key Words: Collaboration between exhibition and education; visitor studies; communities of practices; professionalization
情感传达视角下的博物馆新展览路径思考
New Thoughts on Museum Exhibition Path from the Perspective of Emotional Communication
刘世发
Liu Shifa
（扬州中国大运河博物馆，扬州，225003）
（China Grand Canal Museum,Yangzhou,225003）
内容提要：现代意义的博物馆越来越强调通过展览加深博物馆与观众的情感联结。本文在思想交流、情境培育、对比冲击三个方面用鲜活事例深入分析展览情感传达的表现方式，进而讨论博物馆展览的“分众化”传播模式、“叙事化”内容阐释和“情境化”展示语境，以期为博物馆创新展览展示路径提供有价值的引导性思考。
关键词：展览 情感传达 对比式展览 “情境化”模式
Abstract: The modern meaning of the museum lays more and more emphasis on deepening the emotional connection between the museum and the audience through exhibitions. This paper gives a deeply analysis of the exhibitions with vivid examples of emotional expressions from three aspects which are the exchange of ideas, the cultivation of the situation, the impact of contrast. Then it discusses the “focused” communication model, the “narrative” content interpretation and the “contextualized” display context of museum exhibitions, expecting to provide valuable guiding thinking for the innovative exhibition path of the museum.
Key Words: Exhibition; emotional expressions; contrastive exhibition; contextualized patterns
博物馆课程设计的文化性：比较与启示
The Cultural Attributes of Museum Curriculum Design: Comparison and Enlightenment
胡 盈
Hu Ying
（华东师范大学博物馆，上海，200241）
（Museum of East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241）
内容提要：课程设计具有文化性，研究博物馆课程的文化性能更好地了解博物馆课程背后的文化导向和育人价值。而在过去的研究中，无论是理论研究还是实践研究，往往忽略了从文化性的角度分析与解释博物馆课程设计的差异。本文通过两组案例的比较研究揭示不同文化基础对课程设计的影响，由此对我国博物馆课程发展带来启示：正视博物馆课程设计中知识呈现的文化性，在博物馆教育课程中融入文化情境的同时提升思维训练；以德育为先，发展从“文化浸润”走向“文化深耕”的中国博物馆课程特色道路。
关键词：博物馆课程 文化性 德行养成 心智探索
Abstract: The design of curriculum has cultural attributes. Studying the cultural nature of museum courses can help us better understand their cultural orientation and education value behind museum courses. In the former theoretical or practical research, the influence of cultural differences on curriculum design is often neglected. This paper studies two groups of cases comparatively, revealing the influence of different cultural foundations on curriculum design, which provides the following enlightenment for the development of museum curriculum in China: facing up to the cultural attributes of knowledge presenting in museum curriculum design, strengthening thinking development while embedding cultural contexts in museum education curriculum, and taking moral education as the first priority to develop from “cultural infiltration” to “cultural intensive cultivation” as a featured path of Chinese museum courses.
Key Words: Museum curriculum; cultural attributes; moral development; mental exploration
博物馆智慧安防初探
Study on Intelligent Security of Museums
张 健
Zhang Jian
（中央礼品文物管理中心，北京，100053）
（Central Gifts And Artifacts Center, Beijing, 100053）
内容提要：基于人工智能等信息技术的智慧安防已成为智慧博物馆建设的重要内容。文章结合前人智慧安防研究成果和自身博物馆安防工作实践，进一步丰富博物馆智慧安防内涵，阐述了博物馆建设智慧安防的重要意义，提出博物馆建设智慧安防的具体措施，探讨了建设过程中的重点环节，并围绕当前博物馆智慧安防建设的困境提出了工作建议。
关键词：智慧安防 三防一体 纵深防护 信息技术
Abstract: Intelligent security based on artificial intelligence and other information technology has become an important part of the construction of smart museum. First of all, this paper combines the previous research results on intelligent security and the author's own museum security work practice to further enrich the connotation of museum smart security. Secondly, this paper expounds the significance of intelligent security in museum construction, puts forward specific measures for intelligent security in museum construction, and discusses key links in the construction process. Finally, this paper puts forward work suggestions around the current predicament of museum intelligent security construction.
Key Words: Intelligent security; three defense integration; depth protection; information technology
众望之馆：试论博物馆与公众的响应关系——评《响应式博物馆：在21世纪与观众合作》
Expected Museum by People: On the Responsive Relationship Between Museums and the Public: Book Review on The Responsive Museum: Working with Audiences in the Twenty-first Century
黄婷婷
Huang Tingting
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：当前博物馆亟需发展与时俱进的公众关系，成为符合公众期望的文化服务机构，即“众望之馆”。《响应式博物馆：在21世纪与观众合作》一书从英国博物馆公众实践的现实问题出发，主张把“响应”作为博物馆发展公众的理念与模式。概念层面，响应式博物馆基于“用户”理念，强调面向公众的相关性、体验性和教育性。价值层面，响应式由社会、博物馆机构和观众三方共创。行动层面，博物馆公众实践可从响应途径、响应方法论和响应管理三方面展开。专业层面，在批判性认识“公众导向”与“公众主导”差异的基础上，审视博物馆的响应边界。立足我国博物馆公众关系的转型议程，该书对本土化的“众望之馆”建设颇具参鉴之处。
关键词：响应式博物馆 公众关系 观众发展 观众导向 观众合作
Abstract: There is an urgent need for museums to develop contemporary public relations and to become cultural services that meet public expectations, i.e. the expected museum by the people. The Responsive Museum: Working with Audiences in the Twenty-first Century, which draws on the realities of public practice in British museums, advocates responsiveness as the core concept and model for museum public development. At the conceptual level, the responsive museum is based on the concept of user and emphasizes relevance, experience and education for the public. At the value level, the responsive model is a tripartite creation of society, museum institutions, and audiences. At the action level, museum public practice can be developed in three responsive ways: approach, methodology, and management. At the professional level, the boundaries of museum responsiveness have been reflected through a critical understanding of the difference between “audience-oriented” and “audience-led”. This book might enlighten the localized construction of the expected museum by the people, based on the transformative agenda of public relations in Chinese museums.
Key Words: Responsive museum; public relations; audience development; audience orientation; audience collaboration
专题博物馆临时展览联合策展路径探析——以“华踪医迹”展览为例
Analysis of the Joint Curatorial Path of Temporary Exhibitions in Thematic Museums: Taking The Footprints of Overseas Chinese, the Traces of Traditional Chinese Medicine Exhibition as an Example
王艺霏 吴潇湘
Wang Yifei Wu Xiaoxiang
（国家中医药博物馆，北京，100027）
（National Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100027）
内容提要：专题博物馆是反映所属领域最全面、系统、权威的文化阵地。然而，相较于综合类博物馆，本身具有一定的局限性，如藏品类型相对单一、展览性质趋同、受众范围较小等，一定程度上制约了博物馆的文化传播效力。在文博事业繁荣发展的大背景下，专题博物馆可通过联合办展的方式进一步扩大传播范围与影响力，在此过程中需要找到双方适合的切入点。本文以国家中医药博物馆与中国华侨历史博物馆、华侨博物院联合举办的展览“华踪医迹——东南亚华侨华人与中医药文化展”为例，结合策展实践经验，试对专题博物馆联合策展路径进行分析与探讨，以期为专题博物馆提升自身活力提供一定参考。
关键词：博物馆学 专题博物馆 临时展览 展览策划
Abstract: The thematic museum is the most comprehensive, systematic and authoritative cultural position reflecting the field to which the industry belongs. However, compared with comprehensive museums, they have certain limitations, such as relatively single collection types, convergence of exhibition nature, and small audience range, which to a certain extent restrict the cultural communication effectiveness of museums. In the context of the prosperity and development of the cultural and museum industry, thematic museums can further expand the scope and influence of communication through joint exhibitions, and in this process, it is necessary to find a suitable entry point for both sides. This paper takes the exhibition The Footprints of Overseas Chinese, the Traces of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Southeast Asian Overseas Chinese and Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture Exhibition jointly organized by the National Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Overseas Chinese History Museum of China and the Overseas Chinese Museum as an example, combined with the curatorial practice experience, attempts to analyze and discuss the joint curatorial path of thematic museums, in order to provide some reference for thematic museums to enhance their own vitality.
Key Words: Museology; thematic museums; temporary exhibitions; exhibition planning
构建原址故居与新建纪念馆互益关系之路径——以徐向前故居为例
On the Path of Building a Mutually Beneficial Relationship Between the Original Residence and Newly-founded Memorial Hall:
Taking the Former Residence of Xu Xiangqian as an Example
韩凤君
Han Fengjun
（民族文化宫博物馆，北京，100031）
（Museum of National Palace of Ethnic Cultures, Beijing, 100031）
内容提要：原址故居与相应新建纪念馆的关系随着时代发展出现新情况、新问题。原址故居因建筑本体所限，愈发难以满足现代化展陈的需求，建立新的纪念馆与故居互作补充成为业内的广泛选择。值得注意的是，新建纪念馆在实践过程中出现了不同程度的“声势夺人”。徐向前元帅纪念馆为充实馆藏而选择“掏空”原址故居，显现出较为典型的“喧宾夺主”。基于此，如何维护原址故居的中心地位，重建原址故居与新建纪念馆的互益关系值得我们深思。
关键词：原址故居 纪念馆 展示权 互益关系
Abstract: With the development of times, new situations and problems appear in the relationship between the original residence and the newly-founded memorial hall. Due to the limitations of the original site it is increasingly difficult to meet the needs of modern exhibitions. A popular choice is to build a new memorial hall to complement the original residence. It is noticeable that the newly-founded memorial hall has appeared “overwhelming” at various degrees in practice. The Memorial Hall of Marshal Xu Xiangqian’s Former Residence chose to “empty” the original residence in order to enrich its collection, showing a typical phenomenon of “a reversal of the order of host and guest”. According to this, it is worthwhile for us to find out more solutions to maintain the central stages of the original residence and to reestablish relationship of mutual benefit between the former residence and newly-founded memorial hall.
Key Words: Original residence; memorial hall; authority in exhibition; mutually beneficial relationship
“苏湖教法”对当代博物馆社会教育的启示
以苏州碑刻博物馆为例
The Enlightenment of “Suhu Teaching Method” to the Social Education of Contemporary Museums: Taking Suzhou Museum of Inscribed Stone Tablets as an Example
纪迪
Ji Di
（苏州碑刻博物馆，苏州，215000）
（Suzhou Museum of Inscribed Stone Tablets, Suzhou, 215000）
内容提要：博物馆承载着人类历史发展的进程，展现着人类文明与智慧的结晶，是提高全民文明素质、促进全民发展的终身课堂。文章借鉴了北宋胡瑗“苏湖教法”的教育理念，反思了近年来博物馆教育现状，提出了以“明体”为目的的博物馆教育模式及以“达用”为目的的观众能力培育、情感塑造。并将“苏湖教法”与苏州碑刻博物馆实际情况结合，策划了“以物叙事”的展览、“个性培育”的社会教育活动方案，以中国古代先进的教育理念为触媒，践行“以人为本”的博物馆服务理念。
关键词：博物馆 社会教育 苏湖教法 教育理念
Abstract: The museum bears the development process of human history and shows the crystallization of human civilization and wisdom, and it is also a lifelong “social classroom" to improve the civilized quality of the whole people and promote the development of the whole society. This article provides a museum education model for “Ming Ti” and proposes the cultivation of audience's ability and emotional shaping for the purpose of “Da Yong” in the reference “Suhu Teaching Method” and the current situation of museum education in recent years. In addition, this article also combines the idea of Suhu Teaching Method and the practical situation of Suzhou Museum of Inscribed Stone Tablets then puts forward to two pieces of educational activity planning scheme: exhibition planning of “object narrative” and social education project of “personality cultivation” , in order of use the advanced educational ideas in ancient China as an opportunity to cultivate the idea of people oriented services.
Key Words: Museums; social education; Suhu Teaching Method; educational idea
北周武帝孝陵出土部分铜器的初步科学分析
Preliminary Scientific Study of Some Copper Objects Excavated from the Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty
王 贺
Wang He
[辽宁省文物考古研究院（辽宁省文物保护中心），沈阳，110003；北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院，北京，100083]
[Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (Cultural Relics Preservation Center of Liaoning Province), Shenyang, 110003; Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083]
内容提要：北周武帝孝陵于1994年发掘，出土了较为丰富的金属器，其中出土铜器多为小件装饰物，部分表面有金装饰工艺。本文对孝陵出土的22件铜器进行了初步的科学分析，结果表明检测样品中红铜器占据主导地位，铅锡青铜次之；5件样品热锻成型，1件样品具有铸造组织特征。对2件铜器样品的连接部位进行了考察，推测使用了合金焊料。结合以往研究成果及相关讨论，认为北周时期使用红铜制作小型装饰件可能较为普遍。为全面揭示北周时期金属技术的发展提供了重要的科学依据。
关键词：北周孝陵 铜器 金属工艺 科学分析
Abstract: The Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu was excavated in 1994 and yielded a large number of metal objects, some of which are copper objects and decorated with gold. In this paper, scientific analysis results of twenty-two copper objects unearthed at the Xiao Mausoleum are presented, and most of copper artifacts are pure copper. 5 samples were made by forging and 1 sample was made by casting. 2 copper artifacts were probably jointed by using alloy solder. Combined with some papers and discussions, providing important scientific evidence for understanding the development of manufacturing technology during the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Key Words: Xiao Mausoleum of the Northern Zhou Dynasty; copper objects; metal technology; scientific study
嵌五色玻璃盆蜜蜡刘海戏蟾盆景的制作工艺和旧修方法研究
Analysis and Conservation of Immortal Figure-Liuhai Miniature Landscape
罗涵 刘瀚文 张雪雁 曲亮 段佩权 张毅 王雪莹
Luo Han Liu Hanwen Zhang Xueyan Qu Liang Duan Peiquan Zhang Yi
Wang Xueying
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：故宫博物院藏嵌五色玻璃盆蜜蜡刘海戏蟾盆景是清宫神仙人物盆景的精品。该盆景出现尘污、构件伤断开粘及缺失、色粉脱落、蜜蜡龟裂等病害，需进行保护修复。X光拍照、X荧光能谱、拉曼光谱和红外光谱的检测结果显示，盆景使用蜜蜡、珊瑚、孔雀石、尖晶石、玻璃、螺钿和铜锌合金材料制作；刘海人物和珊瑚树的制作、造景同地台的连接均使用拼嵌、插销并粘接的方法；首次发现前人使用虫胶作为断裂珊瑚枝的充填材料，外层使用曙红混合蜂蜡作为补色材料。本次保护修复在蜜蜡补缺和珊瑚补色时借鉴了旧修方法，为今后同类文物的修复提供了可借鉴的案例。
关键词：人物盆景 旧修 拉曼光谱 红外光谱
Abstract: There is an immortal figure-Liu Hai miniature landscape in the Palace Museum with facade dust, breaks and parts missing problem, which calls for reparation. X-ray photography, XRF, Raman spectroscopy and FTlR was used to analyze the material, structure and early restoration methods. The results showed that the main materials are amber, coral, malachite, glass and shell. The characters are assembled with wooden or iron pins. In the previous repair process, the broken coral branches were re-splicing with iron pins and shellac the broken ambers were filled up with resin-wax. This restoration draws on the traditional methods and achieve a good effect.
Key Words: Miniature Landscape; previous restoration; Raman spectrum; FTIR spectrum
陕西历史博物馆藏唐五岳方镜分析及保护对策
Analysis and Conservation Measures of Five Mountains Square Mirror of Tang Dynasty Collected by Shaanxi History Museum
侯鲜婷
Hou Xianting
（陕西历史博物馆，西安，710061）
（Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an, 710061）
内容提要：采用超景深显微镜、X射线探伤仪、X射线荧光光谱仪及显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪等对陕西历史博物馆藏唐五岳方镜的本体及病害进行科学分析。研究结果显示，唐五岳方镜含铜63.6%、铅 7.4%、锡 22.4%，夹杂微量锌、铁等元素，属于高锡青铜，符合汉唐时期铜镜配比规范；铜镜表面附着一种铜皮层，其上一层为赤铜矿，最外层为孔雀石，推断该铜皮层形成机理为镜体中铜的氧化、水解及迁移等反应；锈蚀产物主要为孔雀石、氯铜矿、斜氣铜矿及赤铜矿，局部发现孔雀石与氯铜矿等锈蚀产物共存现象。研究结果为采取及时有效的保护修复措施提供科学依据，为同类型文物的保护研究提供借鉴。
关键词：铜镜 无损分析 保护修复 氯铜矿 斜氯铜矿
Abstract: Ultra-depth microscope, X-ray inspection, X-fluorescence spectrometer and Raman spectrometer were used to non-destructively analyze the Tang Five Mountains Square Mirror in the Shaanxi History Museum. The research results show that the mirror belongs to high-tin bronze, which contains Cu 63.6%, Pb 7.4%, Sn 22.4%, and contains trace elements such as Zn and Fe. It conforms to the proportioning specifications of copper mirrors in the Han and Tang Dynasties. A kind of copper layer was found on the surface of the copper mirror. The upper layer is cuprite and the outermost layer is malachite. It is inferred that the formation mechanism of the copper layer is the oxidation, hydrolysis and migration of copper in the mirror body. The rust products are mainly malachite, atacamite, botallackite and cuprite, and the coexistence of rust products such as malachite and atacamite is found locally. The research results provide a scientific basis for timely and effective conservation and restoration, and provide information for research of the same type of cultural relics.
Key Words: Bronze mirror; nondestructive analysis; conservation and restoration; atacamite; botallackite
馆藏动物剥制标本修复及预防性保护研究——以山西博物院为例
Preventive Protection Research and Restoration of Stuffed Animals: Taking Shanxi Museum as an Example
温彬 杨敬
Wen Bin Yang Jing
（山西博物院，太原，030024）
（Shanxi Museum, Taiyuan, 030024）
内容提要：动物标本是山西博物院自然类藏品中特殊且珍贵的一类，集中反映了20世纪标本制作收藏、保护等相关情况。本文通过对馆藏动物剥制标本脱毛、开裂、虫蛀等现象修复工作的研究，概括其修复的基本方法，还原了20世纪四五十年代雄狮标本制作方法，肯定了预防性保护在库房建设方面的探索，对推动博物馆藏品保护发展及人、自然、社会和谐共生都具有现实意义。
关键词：动物标本 标本修复 预防性保护 库房建设
Abstract: Stuffed animals is a special and precious kind of Shanxi Museum collection, which reflects the relevant situation of specimen making, collection and protection in the last century. Through the research on the restoration of animal specimens in collections such as depilation, cracking and moth-eaten, this paper summarizes the basic methods for the restoration of animal specimens in collections, reproduces the methods of making male lion specimens in the 1940s and 1950s, and puts forward the exploration of preventive protection in the construction of warehouse, which has practical significance for promoting the development of museum collection protection and harmonious coexistence of human, nature and society.
Key Words: Stuffed animals; restoration of stuffed animals; preventive protection; warehouse construction