故宫博物院原状陈列发展历程研究
Research on the Development of the Original Display in the Palace Museum
詹文珺
Zhan Wenjun
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：自故宫博物院建院之初，对于“保存原状，公开原状”就尤为重视，但后因文物南迁，故宫原状遭到破坏。1949年后为恢复原状陈列，故宫博物院逐渐尝试通过复原宫殿更早时期的“陈设风格”，来反映某一特定历史时期的宫廷生活场景和文化氛围。20世纪80年代以后，其原状陈列逐渐向科学性陈列、多角度利用发展，更加注重原状的“真实性”，并逐步探索原状与专题展览结合、搬迁原状陈列、制作原状虚拟场景等多种利用模式，极大地拓展了原状陈列的内涵。本文结合故宫博物院院藏档案及相关研究，详细梳理了故宫博物院原状陈列的发展历程，并在此基础上探讨每个阶段具体的价值与影响，以期对未来原状陈列工作有所借鉴。
关键词：故宫博物院 宫廷史迹 原状陈列 发展历程
Abstract: At the beginning of its establishment, the Palace Museum paid special attention to “preserving the original condition”. However, the original condition of the display has been damaged due to the cultural relics moving to the south. After 1949, in order to restore the original display, the Palace Museum gradually tried to reflect the palace life scene and cultural atmosphere of a specific historical period by restoring the “display style” of the palace in earlier periods. After the 1980s, its original display gradually developed to scientific and multi-dimensional, paying more attention to the “authenticity” of original state, and gradually exploring the combination of original state and special exhibition, relocation of original state display, making original state virtual scene and other utilization modes, which greatly expanded the connotation of original state display. Based on the archives of the Palace Museum and the articles of the original display participants, this paper connects the development process of the original display of the Palace Museum in detail, and on this basis, discusses the specific value and influence of each stage, in order to provide reference for the future work of the original display.
Key Words: The Palace Museum; the palace historical sites; the original display; the development process
文物与博物馆硕士专业学位授权点发展状况调查报告
An Investigation Report on the Development of the Authorization Points of Master of
Cultural Heritage and Museology
姚 明
Yao Ming
（中国现代文学馆，北京，100029）
（National Museum of Modern Chinese Literature, Beijing, 100029）
内容提要：通过对文物与博物馆硕士专业学位（简称“文博专硕”）授权点的基本情况进行统计，分析文博专硕授权点时间特征﹑空间特征﹑学术特征等外在特征；对文博专硕授权点进行数据透视与评价分析，初步勾勒出文博专硕授权点发展框架。研究结果显示文博专硕授权点数量稳中有增、有序发展，规模相对稳定、地理区域分布相对均衡，研究特色突出、价值取向明显；但存在课题支持不足、联合培养机制有待完善等问题。
关键词：文物与博物馆硕士专业学位 文博教育 研究生教育 发展状况 特征分析
Abstract: Based on the statistics and analysis of the authorization points of master of Cultural Heritage and Museology (M.C.H.M), this paper analyzes the time feature, space feature, academic feature of the M.C.H.M. Additionally, this paper outlines the development framework of M.C.H.M authorization points by the data perspective and the appraisal evaluation of the M.C.H.M. It can be seen that the number of master’s programs of M.C.H.M is increasing steadily and developing orderly, the scale is relatively stable, and the geographical area is relatively balanced. The research characteristic is prominent and the value orientation is obvious.
Key Words: Master of Cultural Heritage and Museology (M.C.H.M); cultural heritage and museology education; postgraduate education; development status; characteristic analysis
北魏开国史中大单于号之疑点
——从“猗㐌金”和“晋鲜卑归义侯”金印说起
The Doubts of Great Shanyu in the History of Founding of Northern Wei Dynasty:
Starting from “Gold Ornament of Yiyi” and “Jin Hsien-pei Gui-yi Hou” Golden Seal
牛昱尧
Niu Yuyao
（中国人民大学，北京，100872）
（Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872）
内容提要：前辈学者多据凉城县出土“猗㐌金”及“晋鲜卑归义侯”金印，论证《魏书》所载猗㐌为大单于不虚，进而肯定其有关早期历史记述的可信度。但此说较难成立，在《魏书》表述中，金印紫绶皆是针对大单于这一主体而非归义侯，因此不能以归义侯金印论证大单于为真。此后猗卢为大单于的史料多有抵牾，翳槐以段辽为大单于之事则不符合拓跋鲜卑当时的真实实力，因此二事当皆出于太武帝时附会。其目的是提高道武帝前诸帝在代北乃至更大范围内的地位，建立起北魏自身完整的开国史脉络。
关键词：猗㐌金 单于号 大单于号 北魏国史
Abstract: Predecessors more according to the unearthed Liangcheng county “gold ornament of Yiyi” and “Jin Hsien-pei Gui-yi Hou” golden seal, demonstration of Weishu (魏书) contained Yiyi Great Shanyu title, and certainly the credibility about the early history. But this is harder to prove. In the expression of the Weishu, the “golden seal with the purple ribbon” (金印紫绶) is directed at Great Shanyu rather than Gui-yi Hou, so it cannot be argued that Great Shanyu was true based on “Gui-yi Hou” golden seal. Later on, the historical records on the appointment of Yilu as Great Shanyu were contradictory. The record that Yihuai took Duan Liao as Great Shanyu was not in line with the real power of Tuoba Hsien-pei at that time. Therefore, both events were faked by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. Its purpose was to improve the status of the Northern Wei emperors in Daibei and even larger space scope. Thus established the Northern Wei’s own complete history of founding.
Key Words: Gold ornament of Yiyi; Shanyu title; the Great Shanyu title; history of the Northern Wei Dynasty
青海省都兰县热水墓葬考古历史综述
Overview of the Archaeological History of Hot Water Tombs in Dulan County,
Qinghai Province
谷雨珊1 刘大玮2
Gu Yushan1 Liu Dawei2
（1. 北京服装学院，北京，100105；2. 中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100710）
（1. Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, 100105;
2. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100710）
内容提要：热水墓葬群是丝绸之路青海道沿线的重要墓葬遗存，是东西方文化接触、渗透、碰撞与交融的重要证明。自1982年青海都兰热水墓葬群发掘至今，历经四十余年的考古发掘与系统研究，形成了颇为丰富的学术成果，引发了学界极大的关注。本文系统梳理了热水墓群的考古发掘进程与研究工作，将青海都兰热水墓葬总结为从清末民国至今的四个考古历程，力求为下一阶段更深层次的研究提供参考。
关键词：丝绸之路 青海道 都兰县 热水墓葬 考古史
Abstract: Hot Water Tombs are important tombs along the Qinghai Road of the Silk Road and an important proof of the contact, penetration, collision and blending of Eastern and Western cultures. Since the excavation of the Hot Water Tombs in Dulan, Qinghai Province in 1982, through more than 40 years of archaeological excavation and systematic research, a wealth of academic achievements have been formed, which has attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign academic circles and society. This paper systematically combs the archaeological excavation process and research work of Hot Water Tombs, and summarizes the archaeological process of Dulan Hot Water Tombs in Qinghai from the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China to the present into four periods, so as to provide reference for deeper research in the next stage.
Key Words: Silk Road; Qinghai Road; Dulan County; Hot Water Tombs; archaeological history
永乐大钟汉字铭文新发现及研究
New Discovery and Research on the Chinese Characters Inscription of Yongle Bell
李小丽 程呈 王申 郑宇伟
Li Xiaoli Cheng Cheng Wang Shen Zheng Yuwei
（大钟寺古钟博物馆，北京，100098）
（Dazhongsi Ancient Bell Museum, Beijing, 100098）
内容提要：“永乐大钟及馆藏古钟文物铭文、纹饰研究”课题组成功采集钟体图像，并完成了汉文、梵文和其他铭文符号的分类、计数、甄别，发现大钟夹缝处隐藏梵文，统计出永乐大钟现存的铭文总数共计231277字（个）。并且发现汉字铭文在排版上有东起旋转排列现象、遵循名号完整原则现象，并发现唯一一处排版错误。将汉字铭文与传世经文版本比校后，又发现个别汉字铭文存在多次重复经文名现象，经文内容与传世版本有出入，铭文所录经文不完整现象等。
关键词：永乐大钟 铭文比对 汉字铭文 大钟寺古钟博物馆
Abstract: The research group of Research on the Inscriptions and Patterns of Yongle Bell and its Cultural Relics in the Museum successfully collected the bell body images, and completed the classification, counting and screening of Chinese, Sanskrit and other inscriptions. It found that Sanskrit is hidden in the crevices of the bell, and counted the totally 231277 words of existing inscriptions of Yongle Bell. It is also found that there are some characteristics on the typesetting of Chinese character inscriptions, such as rotation and arrangement from the east, adherence to the principle of name integrity, and typographical errors. After comparing the Chinese character inscription with the handed down version of the scripture, we found that the Chinese character inscription has the phenomenon of repeating the name of the scripture several times, the contents of the scripture is different from the handed down versions, and the inscription scripture is incomplete.
Key Words: Yongle Bell; inscription comparison; Chinese character inscription; Dazhongsi Ancient Bell Museum
试析现当代经济社会发展变迁物证的征集与阐释
——以宁波博物院为例
Study on Collection and Interpretation of Tangible Evidence of Modern and Contemporary
Economic and Social Development Changes: A Case Study of Ningbo Museum
何毓峰
He Yufeng
（宁波博物院，宁波，315199）
（Ningbo Museum, Ningbo, 315199）
内容提要：与历史文物、艺术品和自然标本不同，现当代经济社会发展变迁物证是新近进入博物馆视野的一类实物资料。本文尝试以宁波博物院举办的“岁月如歌——1949年以来宁波经济社会发展变迁物证展”为例，讨论现当代经济社会发展变迁物证作为博物馆物的特点，探索其在博物馆征集与阐释中的做法，为这一类藏品的收集、研究与利用提供思路。
关键词：现当代经济社会发展变迁物证 博物馆 征集 阐释
Abstract: Different from historical relics, works of art and natural specimens, the tangible evidence of modern and contemporary economic and social development changes is a kind of material data that has recently entered the view of museums. Taking Years as Songs: The Exhibition of Articles that has Witnessed Social and Economic Development in Ningbo Since 1949 in Ningbo Museum as an example, this article discusses the change of economic and social development of material evidence as the characteristics of the museum, explores the museum collection and interpretation of the characteristics and practice, for this kind of museum collection, research and utilization.
Key Words: Tangible evidence of modern and contemporary economic and social development changes; museum; collection; interpretation
博物馆纳粹大屠杀主题国际展览中的跨文化记忆转化
Cross-Cultural Transformation of Memory in Museums’ International Holocaust Exhibitions
江明圆
Jiang Mingyuan
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：博物馆不仅是文化记忆的存储媒介，更是记忆共享与转化的重要载体。21世纪以来，以纳粹大屠杀为主题的博物馆国际展览在记忆的跨文化转化上表现突出。此类展览通过选择与展出地存在时空关联的选题，促进文化他者到自我记忆的转化；以伦理和道德的视角揭示人性之善恶，将存储记忆转换为功能记忆；运用个人叙事方式构建理性表述、激发情感共鸣，助推集体记忆向个人记忆转变。国际经验表明，实现文化记忆在主体、客体与方法上的三重转化，博物馆展览更能深入人心、产生影响。
关键词：博物馆 国际展览 跨文化 文化记忆 纳粹大屠杀
Abstract: In addition to serving as a repository for cultural memory, museums play a crucial role in the dissemination and transformation of memory. Since the turn of the century, international Holocaust exhibitions have excelled at cross-cultural memory transformation. By selecting themes with a spatial and temporal connection to the holding sites, these exhibitions facilitate the reconfiguration of the cultural otherness to self-memory; by revealing the goodness and evil of human nature from an ethical and moral perspective, they reshape storage memory into functional memory; and by employing personal narratives to construct rational representations and stimulate emotional resonance, they facilitate the conversion of collective memory into personal memory. International experience demonstrates that museum exhibitions are more likely to reach people’s hearts and have an impact when cultural memory is triple transformed in terms of subject, object, and method.
Key Words: Museums; international exhibitions; cross-culture; cultural memory; Holocaust
博物馆教育活动评估实践研究
——以“海难逃生”亲子活动为例
Practical Study on the Evaluation of Museum Educational Activities:
Take the Parent-Child Activity of Shipwreck Survival as an Example
刘丹丹 杨扬
Liu Dandan Yang Yang
（上海中国航海博物馆，上海，201306）
（China Maritime Museum, Shanghai, 201306）
内容提要：博物馆作为公民终身教育的重要场所，对全民文化素养的提升发挥了重要作用。为增强博物馆的教育影响力和实效，理应开展观众研究，对博物馆教育活动进行评估。本研究以上海中国航海博物馆“海难逃生”亲子活动为例，运用小测验法、问卷调查法，辅以观察法，对青少年参与博物馆教育活动的学习效果和感受进行评估。研究结果发现：该活动儿童喜好度达86%，家长满意度达98%，儿童和家长对教育产品的选择存在一定偏差；儿童的年龄、感兴趣程度、先前经验、博物馆展品陈列等因素都会对学习效果产生影响；根据评估结果与分析提出引导家长深度参与、活动分众精细化、加强展品陈列儿童友好性、活动流程动线优化等针对性改进建议。
关键词：博物馆 教育活动 评估 “海难逃生”亲子活动
Abstract: Museums, which offer education for a lifetime have played a significant role in improving citizens cultural literacy. In order to enhance the influence and effectiveness of the education of museums, it is necessary to carry out the researches on their visitors and the evaluations of their educational activities. This paper uses the Shipwreck Survival parent-child activity of the China Maritime Museum as an example to evaluate the results and experience of teenager participants in educational activities of the museum. Approaches used in this evaluation were mainly quizzes and surveys, supplemented by observations. The study shows that the preferences of the activity were up to 86% by children and 98% by their parents respectively, indicating a different preference on educational activities between the two groups. The factors contributed in the learning results include the children’s age, level of interest, previous experience of the similar activity, and display of the exhibition. Based on the results of the evaluation and the analysis, a group of specific suggestions are offered. They include further involvement of the parents, elaboration of future activities, enhancement of the child-friendly display of the exhibition, optimization of the activity process, and so on.
Key Words: Museum; educational activity; evaluation; Shipwreck Survival parent-child activity
基于红色文化空间的文创产品开发
——以北大红楼红色文化空间及文创产品为例
The Development of Cultural and Creative Products Based on the Red Cultural Space: A Case
Study of the Red Cultural Space and Creative Products of Red Building of Peking University
刘 欣
Liu Xin
[北京鲁迅博物馆（北京新文化运动纪念馆），北京，100034]
[Beijing Lu Xun Museum (The New Culture Movement Memorial of Beijing), Beijing, 100034]
内容提要：基于革命博物馆、纪念馆而塑造的红色文化空间，不仅是红色文化保存与传播的场所，也是培育国民革命情感和责任意识、弘扬红色文化的重要基地。北大红楼的红色文化空间主要包括展示空间和消费空间。展示空间通过多重意义的整合增强空间的可参观性，消费空间是展示空间的延伸，更尊重人的主观能动性。基于红色文化空间开发的文创产品，不仅具有文化性和教育性，更具有精神性。红色文化消费引导了追求民族精神和信仰的“符号消费”，为标识中国特色、提升中华民族文化认同感、增强文化自信提供有力支撑。
关键词：红色文化空间 展示空间 消费空间 北大红楼 文创产品
Abstract: The red cultural space based on revolution museums and memorial halls is not only a place for the preservation and dissemination of red culture, but also an important base for cultivating national revolutionary emotions and sense of responsibility, and promoting red culture. The red cultural space of Red Building of Peking University mainly includes exhibition space and consumption space. The exhibition space enhances the visitability of the space through multi-meaning integration. The consumption space is the extension of the exhibition space, and it respects human’s subjective initiative. The creative products of red culture developed based on the exhibition space are not only cultural and educational, but also have spiritual symbolic meanings. Red cultural consumption guides a “symbolic consumption” of pursuing national spirit and belief, and provides strong supports on identifying Chinese characteristics, improving the cultural identity of the Chinese nation, and enhancing cultural self-confidence.
Key Words: Red cultural space; exhibition space; consumption space; Red Building of Peking University; cultural and creative products
试论博物馆安保工作岗位与人员设置
——以上海世博会博物馆为例
On the Post and Personnel Setting of Museum Security:
Take the World Expo Museum as an Example
赵萌1 张珂2
Zhao Meng1 Zhang Ke2
（1. 北京弘博文化传播有限公司，北京，100161；2. 上海世博会博物馆，上海，200023）
（1. Beijing Hongbo Culture Communication Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100161;
2. World Expo Museum, Shanghai, 200023）
内容提要：博物馆既是文物、标本、资料的收藏地，也是人员密集的公众场所，亦是公共文化的服务机构，三者叠加对博物馆安保工作提出了更高的要求，但同时博物馆安保工作也面临岗位难设置、人员难测算等问题。文章基于博物馆安保工作现状与问题，探讨安保工作岗位与人员设置的影响因素、方法与相关概念，并重点解析上海世博会博物馆安全管理与岗位人员设置的工作方法。
关键词：博物馆安保 岗位设置 人员设置 上海世博会博物馆 安全管理
Abstract: The museum is not only a place for collecting cultural relics, specimens, and materials, but also a densely populated public place, as well as a public service organization. The superposition of the three puts forward higher requirements for museum security. However, the security work of the museum is facing difficulties in position setting and personnel management. Based on the exploration of the current situation and problems of museum security, this article discusses the influencing factors, methods and relevant concepts of museum security, and focuses on analyzing the working methods of World Expo Museum’s security management and staffing.
Key Words: Museum security; position setting; personnel management; World Expo Museum; security management