国家标准《文物展品标牌》解析和应用
Description Plates for Cultural Relics on Display: Analysis and Application
谭淑琴
Tan Shuqin
（河南博物院，郑州，450002）
（Henan Museum, Zhengzhou, 450002）
内容提要：《文物展品标牌》标准（GB/T 30234—2013），属国内首次制定的博物馆行业国家推荐性标准。其中对博物馆陈列展览中文物展品标牌的内容和形式设计有一定的规范和要求，具体条款有示例和范例，在文物陈展工作的具体实施中，有很强的可操作性和指导性。撰写此文旨在解析此项国标的内容，对有些条款的制定在调研和审核方面给予合理的解释，希冀博物馆陈展内容及形式设计人员在实际工作中能借鉴和学习，有利于文物展品文字说明的规范和统一。
关键词：陈列 展品 标牌 标准
Abstract: The standard of Description Plates for Cultural Relics on Display (GB/T 30234—2013) is the first national recommended standard for the museum industry formulated in China. It not only provides general specifications and requirements for the content and form design of the signs of cultural relics exhibits in museum exhibitions, but also contains clauses detailed with examples and exemplars, thus having strong operability and guidance for the specific implementation of cultural relics exhibition work. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the content of this national standard, and to give a reasonable explanation for the formulation of some clauses in terms of research and review. It is hoped that the content and form designers of museum exhibitions can understand and learn from it during their practice, so as to help achieve the standardization and uniformity of text descriptions of cultural relics exhibits.
Key Words: Exhibition; cultural relics on display; description plates; standard
历史文物与当代艺术品并置的展览传播要素初探
Research on the Communication Elements of Cultural Relics and Contemporary Artworks Juxtaposed Exhibition
穆祉潼
Mu Zhitong
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：21世纪的博物馆充满变化，跨界融合成为博物馆未来发展的一个重要特征。博物馆展览中历史文物与当代艺术品的并置，可以根据展览阐释与传播的重心，及两类展品在展览中的参与程度与相互关系，分为补充型和均衡型。针对展览传播中的五个传播要素，即：传播者、传播内容、传播媒介、接收者和传播效果，此类展览存在特殊的构建方式。因此，文物与当代艺术品在展览中的并置是博物馆突破传统传播模式，走向公众的一种新尝试。
关键词：历史文物 当代艺术 并置 传播要素
Abstract: In the 21st century, museums are full of changes. Crossover integration has been becoming an important feature of the development in the museum. According to the focus of exhibition interpretation and dissemination, as well as the degree of participation and the relationship between two types of objects, the juxtaposition of cultural relics and contemporary artworks in museum exhibitions can be divided into complementary and balanced types. For the five important elements of exhibition communication, who, says what, in which channel, to whom and with what effect, these exhibitions construct in a special way. It suggests that the juxtaposition of cultural relics and contemporary artworks in exhibitions is an innovative attempt to breakthrough the traditional mode of communication and go closer to the public.
Key Words: Cultural relics; contemporary art; juxtaposition; communication elements
中美博物馆精品展览评比活动比较研究
——以中国“全国博物馆十大陈列展览精品”和
“美国博物馆联盟展览卓越奖”为例
A Comparative Study on the Appraisal System of Excellent Exhibitions Between Chinese and American Museums: Taking China's Top Ten Museum Exhibition and Excellence in Exhibition Competition of American Alliance of Museums as Examples
李子璇 林心怡
Li Zixuan Lin Xinyi
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：展览评估是检测展览效果和提升展览质量的主要途径，而展览评比活动则是展览评估的实现手段之一。从评选体系五大构成要素出发，对中国“全国博物馆十大陈列展览精品”（以
下简称“十大精品”）和“美国博物馆联盟展览卓越奖”（以下简称“展览卓越奖”）进行横向比较，发现并总结中美博物馆精品展览评比活动之异同，不仅可以从中窥见“十大精品”现存问题，还可以将西方经验更好地融入我国展览评比活动的理念更新和实践改进，促进“十大精品”的优化与发展。
关键词：展览评比活动 展览评估 全国博物馆十大陈列展览精品 美国博物馆联盟展览卓越奖
Abstract: Exhibition evaluation is the main way to test the effect of exhibition and improve the quality of exhibition, the appraisal system of exhibition is one of the means of exhibition evaluation. Starting from the five elements of the appraisal system, this paper makes a horizontal comparison between China’s Top Ten Museum Exhibition and Excellence in Exhibition Competition of American Alliance of Museums, trying to find out and summarize the similarities and differences. It can not only reveal the existing problems in China’s Top Ten Museum Exhibition, but also integrate western experiences into the concept renewal and practice improvement of China's appraisal system of exhibition.
Key Words: The appraisal system of exhibition; exhibition evaluation; China’s Top Ten Museum Exhibition; Excellence in Exhibition Competition of American Alliance of Museums
走向消匿：双重身份下展览评论者的行为转变
Towards Silence: A Shift of Behavior of the Exhibition Reviewer with Dual Identities
于晖1? 马越2
Yu Hui1 Ma Yue2
（1.中国妇女儿童博物馆，北京，100730；2. 宁夏博物馆，银川，750002）
（1. China National Museum of Women and Children, Beijing, 100730; 2. Ningxia Museum, Yinchuan, 750002）
内容提要：为何博物馆展览评论在受到学界极大关注的同时却又始终表现得默默无闻？通过对四位具有双重身份的展览评论者的深度访谈，本文意欲从内部视角出发探求这一问题背后的根源。透过解释现象学分析方法发现，客观环境的干扰是促使他们发生行为转变的关键诱因。此外，相关研究不足、学术界包容度过低，也是对展览评论者形成干扰的重要因素。这些兼具“博物馆工作者”和“展览评论者”的访谈对象表现出的对展览避而不谈的状态，则从一个侧面真实反映了展览评论陷入困境的现状。博物馆展览评论的进一步发展，需要行业整体努力去实现。
关键词：双重身份 展览评论 行为转变 解释现象学
Abstract: It seems contradictory that museum exhibition reviews attract great attention from academia, while they always remain in obscurity. This text attempts to explore the underlying reason of this phenomenon from an insider’s perspective through in-depth interviews with four exhibition reviewers with dual identities. Using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), it is argued that the shift of reviewers’ behavior is mainly due to the interference of the objective environment. In addition, the lack of relevant research and low tolerance of the review content from the academia are also key factors that interfere the exhibition reviewers. These interviewees who are both ‘museum practitioners’ and ‘exhibition reviewers’ are all silent about the exhibitions. This, in a way, reflects the current plight of the exhibition reviews. If the museum exhibition reviews need further development, the whole industry shall contribute their efforts.
Key Words: Dual identities; exhibition review; shift of behavior; Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
明代丝绸纹样中的文字装饰研究——以北京艺术博物馆藏明代大藏经丝绸裱封为中心
Study on the Character Decoration in Silk Patterns of Ming Dynasty:
Centering on the Silk Covers of the Ming Dynasty Tripitaka Collected by Beijing Art Museum
刘远洋
Liu Yuanyang
（北京艺术博物馆，北京，100081）
（Beijing Art Museum, Beijing, 100081）
内容提要：明代丝绸纹样的内容丰富，其中有一类文字纹样，直接将文字作为图案装饰于织物之上，具有独特的艺术风格。本文以北京艺术博物馆收藏的明代大藏经丝绸裱封作为研究对象，对其中的文字装饰进行分类梳理，分析其表现形式，并对比明代以前丝绸纹样中文字装饰的发展，总结明代丝绸纹样中文字装饰的时代特点。
关键词：明代 丝绸 纹样 文字装饰
Abstract: In varied silk patterns of Ming Dynasty, there is a kind of character patterns, which takes characters as patterns to decorate the fabrics directly, and has a distinctive artistic style. This paper cites the silk covers of the Ming Dynasty Tripitaka collected by Beijing Art Museum as the study object, sorts the character decoration in the patterns, analyzes its expression forms, and summarizes its characteristics of the times by comparing it with the same kind of decoration in silk patterns before Ming Dynasty.
Key Words: Ming Dynasty; silk; patterns; character decoration
中国铁道博物馆藏《苏省铁路》相册探析
Research on the Album of Kiangsu Railway in the China Railway Museum
陈哲
Chen Zhe
（中国铁道博物馆，北京，100055）
（China Railway Museum, Beijing, 100055）
内容提要：中国铁道博物馆收藏的《苏省铁路》相册如实地记录了清末苏省铁路公司修筑的沪嘉铁路，较为全面地展现了铁路沿线的桥梁、车站等建筑设施。同时它也反映了清末苏杭甬铁路商办的艰难历程，见证了詹天佑与同生照相馆馆主谭景棠的交往，是研究中国铁路史和中国早期纪实摄影的重要文物。本文根据相册内容，结合文献资料，对《苏省铁路》相册的拍摄时间、历史背景、拍摄者谭景棠及其与詹天佑的交往作了初步研究，并对其历史价值及意义进行了肯定。
关键词：《苏省铁路》相册 同生照相馆 詹天佑 铁路史
Abstract: The Album of Kiangsu Railway collected by the China Railway Museum faithfully records the Shanghai-Jiaxing Railway built by the Jiangsu Provincial Railway Company in the late Qing Dynasty, and comprehensively shows the bridges, stations and other architectural facilities along the railway. At the same time, it also reflects the difficult course of the Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo railway business office in the late Qing Dynasty, and witnessed the communication between Jeme Tien Yow and Tan Jingtang, the owner of K. T. Thompson Studio. It is an important cultural relic for the study of Chinese railway history and early Chinese documentary photography. Based on the content of the album and combined with the literature, this paper makes a preliminary study on the shooting time, historical background, photographer of the Album of Kiangsu Railway and his communication with Jeme Tien Yow, and affirms its historical value and significance.
Key Words: Album of Kiangsu Railway; K. T. Thompson Studio; Jeme Tien Yow; history of railway
地方博物馆原创展览策划的思考——基于观众评估研究
Reflections on Original Exhibition of Local Museums: Based on Audience Evaluation
胡可佳
Hu Kejia
（青岛市博物馆，青岛，266061）
（Qingdao Municipal Museum, Qingdao, 266061）
内容提要：科学深入的观众调查研究是评估展览和博物馆最有效的方法，也是了解观众需求最直接的方式。采用交叉分析、卡方检验等统计学方法对青岛市博物馆原创展览“从清爱堂走来——刘墉和他的书法艺术展”观众调查数据进行分析研究，通过反思策展过程的得与失，以窥观众评估对地方博物馆原创展览策划的积极作用，结合其他博物馆相关实践研究，探讨地方博物馆原创展览评估的必要性及应用对策。
关键词：观众评估 地方博物馆 原创展览 策展
Abstract: Scientific and in-depth audience research is the most effective way to evaluate exhibitions, and the most direct way to understand the motivation and needs of visitors. Statistical methods such as cross-analysis and chi-square test were used to analyze the audience survey data of the original exhibition Liu Yong: His Life and Calligraphy by Qingdao Municipal Museum. Through reflections on the successes and failures of the curatorial process, the positive effect of audience evaluation on the construction of original exhibitions in local museums can be seen. Combined with relevant practices of other museums, the necessity of original exhibition evaluation in local museums and the application measures are discussed.
Key Words: Audience evaluation; local museums; original exhibition; curation
浅析当今博物馆陈列与观众互动实践的形式与意义
The Forms and Significance of the Interaction Between Displays and Visitors in Today's Museums
牛美慧 沈寅秋
Niu Meihui Shen Yinqiu
（中国社会科学院大学，北京，102488）
（University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 102488）
内容提要：博物馆陈列作为博物馆知识传播的重要途径，其与观众的互动可分为肢体与感官的互动、智识与体验的互动和思想与情感的互动三种形式。陈列通过构建互动空间，激励探究思考，与观众间建立起双向交流的路径，使观众形成意识与行为上的主动性和获取知识理论的自主性。互动将陈列内容和知识传递给观众，为观众提供社交空间，引导和鼓励观众自主思考和反思。观众在互动中结合其个人经验、观点、价值观等多种主观性因素，在博物馆环境下得出一种个人化的结果，并作用于观众个人发展和价值塑造。
关键词：陈列 观众 互动 博物馆体验
Abstract: As an important means of knowledge dissemination, the interaction between museum displays and their visitors can be divided into three forms: physical and sensory interaction, intellectual and experiential interaction, and thinking and emotional interaction. By constructing interactive spaces and stimulating inquiry and reflection, the displays establish a two-way communication path with the visitors, enabling them to develop awareness and behavioral initiative and autonomy in acquiring knowledge and theory. Interaction transmits the content and knowledge of the display to the visitors, providing a social space for the visitor to guide and encourage independent thinking and reflection, in which the visitor combines his or her personal experiences, opinions, values and other subjective factors to arrive at a personal outcome in the museum environment, which acts on the personal development and value shaping of the visitors.
Key Words: Display; visitor; interaction; museum experience
关于革命纪念类巡展二次创作的思考：
以“旗帜——庆祝中国共产党成立100周年特展”为例
Reflections on the Recreation of Revolutionary Memorial Tour Exhibition: Taking Banner: A Special Exhibition Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China as an Example
马海真1 薛坤2
Ma Haizhen1 Xue Kun2
（1. 滨州市博物馆，滨州，256600；2. 滨州市图书馆，滨州，256600）
（1. Binzhou Museum, Binzhou, 256600; 2. Binzhou Library, Binzhou, 256600）
内容提要：革命纪念类展览的目的是以观众通俗易懂的形式展示深奥的党史知识和政治思想，承担着弘扬民族历史文化与宣扬爱国主义的重要任务。这类展览是人们了解党史、学习党史最直观的方式，也是最简便的方式。这类展览的内容基本固定，符合主流意识形态，创作空间不大。尤其是人们对巡回展览的认知先入为主，在原有展览的基础上创新难上加难。笔者作为策展人，就“旗帜——庆祝中国共产党成立100周年特展”的形式和内容方面做了一些探索，力求达到创新的效果。如何突破内容雷同和形式单一的瓶颈，策划受观众青睐的革命纪念类展览应是文博人深入探讨的课题。
关键词：革命纪念类巡展 博物馆学 二次创作 展览
Abstract: The purpose of the revolutionary memorial exhibition is to display the profound knowledge of Party history and political thoughts in a form that is easy to understand for audience, and to undertake the important task of promoting national history, culture, and patriotism. This kind of exhibition is the most intuitive way for people to understand and learn the history of the Party, as well as the most convenient way. However, the content of such exhibitions is fixed, leading the mainstream ideology, and the creativity is not very flexible. Especially for tour exhibitions, combined with preconceived notions, it is even more difficult to innovate on the basis of the original exhibition. As the curator, the author has made some explorations on the exhibition Banner: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China from the aspects of form and content, striving to achieve innovative results. How to break through the bottleneck of the same content and single form of the revolutionary memorial exhibition is always a topic that museum staff should explore deeply.
Key Words: Revolutionary memorial tour exhibition; museology; recreation; exhibition
馆校合作模式下的大遗址研学实践与思考——以临淄齐国故城为例
Practice and Thinking on the Field Trip of Complex Site Under the Museum School Cooperation Mode: Taking the Ancient City of Qi in Linzi as an Example
于焱
Yu Yan
（临淄区文物保护中心，淄博，255400）
（Linzi District Cultural Relics Protection Center, Zibo, 255400）
内容提要：馆校合作的博物馆研学活动已经发展了近二十年，大遗址研学正在成为博物馆研学的重要组成部分。本文以临淄齐国故城遗址开展的大遗址研学为案例，总结了研学实践的7种类型，并对各类研学进行了比较分析，试图为大遗址研学开辟新路。通过对五年多馆校合作实践的总结与思考，在目前我国大遗址保护政策背景下，以较为成熟的馆校合作模式实施大遗址研学是大遗址开展社教工作的有效模式。
关键词：馆校合作 大遗址 考古遗址公园 中小学研学 齐国故城
Abstract: The museum study tour in term of museum school cooperation have developed for nearly 20 years, and the field trip of complex sites is becoming an important part of museum study tour. This paper takes the complex site field trip carried out at the ancient city of Qi in Linzi as a case, summarizes seven types of research practice, compares and analyzes all kinds of research, and tries to open up a path for the complex site field trip. Through the summary and reflection on the practice of museum school cooperation for more than five years, under the national background of complex site protection, the implementation of complex site research and learning with a more mature museum school cooperation mode is an important content of social education of complex sites.
Key Words: Museum school cooperation; complex site; archaeological site park; primary and secondary school study tour; ancient city of Qi
博物馆短视频推广传播策略研究
Research on Promotion and Communication Strategy of Museum Short Video
杨鹏 周剑虹
Yang Peng Zhou Jianhong
（西北大学文化遗产学院，西安，710127）
（School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127）
内容提要：新媒体的发展为文化传播提供多种可能，而可视性强的短视频逐渐成为博物馆传播文化价值、吸引公众关注的重要媒介。2018年火爆全网的“文物戏精大会”短视频曾短时吸引流量，但很快降温，传播效果有限。本文以“文物戏精大会”短视频的微博评论为切入点，运用文本分析法归纳公众对短视频的态度和期许，结合数据比较分析，认为博物馆短视频存在视频投放量少、高雅文化在娱乐化平台的传播效果不佳、马太效应难以突破等三个困局，并对产生原因进行探讨，提出解决短视频创作及传播困局的有效途径，为博物馆短视频的推广和传播提供有价值的参考方案。
关键词：博物馆短视频 推广传播 传播困局 “文物戏精大会”
Abstract: The development of new media has provided many possibilities for cultural communication, and short video with strong visibility has gradually become an important medium for museums to spread cultural values and attract public attention. In 2018, the short video of the Historical Relics on the Stage, which was popular on the internet, once attracted traffic for a short time, but its popularity quickly cooled down, and its communication effect was extremely limited. Based on the short video review of Historical Relics on the Stage in Weibo, this paper summarizes the public's attitudes and expectations to short videos by means of text analysis. Combined with comparative analysis of data, it is concluded that there are three dilemmas in museum short videos: insufficient video volume, poor communication effect of elegant culture on entertainment platform, and Matthew effect. This paper probes into the reasons, and puts forward some effective ways to create short videos and solve these dilemmas, which provides a valuable reference schemes for the promotion and dissemination of short videos in museums.
Key Words: Museum short video; promotion and dissemination; communication dilemma; Historical Relics on the Stage
运用冲突理论管理合作型博物馆项目的实践与思考
Practice and Thinking of Cooperative Museum Project Management Based on Conflict Theory
高洁
Gao Jie
[上海自然博物馆（上海科技馆分馆），上海，200041]
[Shanghai Natural History Museum (Branch of Shanghai Science & Technology Museum), Shanghai, 200041]
内容提要：本文回顾了现代冲突理论的假设前提及研究成果，讨论在合作型博物馆项目管理中引入此理论的意义。以上海自然博物馆引入社会力量开展的夜场活动为例，详细阐述运用现代冲突理论管理该项目全寿命周期内出现冲突的过程，分析了冲突表现出的行为特征、原因、处理策略、结果等，并得出三条此类项目相关的工作启示：要重塑博物馆人对冲突的理解，要把冲突管理纳入合作型博物馆项目管理中，要总结并使用好冲突带来的新价值。
关键词：博物馆学 管理学 现代冲突理论 合作型博物馆项目 夜间开放
Abstract: This paper first reviews the assumptions and research results of modern conflict theory, and discusses the significance of introducing this theory into the project management of cooperative museum project. Secondly, taking the night activities jointly carried out by Shanghai Natural History Museum and social forces as an example, this paper expounds in detail the process of using modern conflict theory to manage conflicts in the whole life cycle of the project. Thirdly, analyzing the behavior characteristics, causes, treatment strategies and results of the conflict. Finally, three inspirations are drawn: reshaping museum staff’s understanding of conflict, bringing conflict management into cooperative museum project management, and summarizing and using the new value brought by conflict.
Key Words: Museology; management science; modern conflict theory; cooperative museum project; opening at night