推进博物馆改革发展的省域方案初步研究
Preliminary Study on the Provincial Plan for Promoting the Reform and Development of Museums
崔波
Cui Bo
（中国文物报社，北京，100007）
（China Cultural Relics News, Beijing, 100007）
内容提要：2021年中央九部门印发了新时代博物馆行业全面深化改革的纲领性文件《关于推进博物馆改革发展的指导意见》。为落实中央文件精神，各省陆续出台了关于推进博物馆改革发展的实施方案。本文从出台实施方案的背景和基本情况、实施方案所体现的特色亮点以及实施方案有待完善之处进行分析论述，以期对将出台实施方案的省份有借鉴意义。
关键词：博物馆 改革发展 实施方案 指导意见 省域
Abstract: In 2021, the nine central government departments issued the guiding document on Promoting the Reform and Development of Museums on comprehensively deepening the reform of the museum industry in the new era. In order to implement the spirit of the central documents, the provinces have successively issued implementation plans on promoting the reform and development of museums. This paper analyzes and discusses the background and basic situation of the implementation plan, the characteristics and highlights reflected in the implementation plan and the place of the implementation plan to be improved, in order to have reference significance for the provinces that will introduce the implementation plan.
Key Words: Museums; reform and development; implementation plan; guidance; provincial
国立中央研究院自然历史博物馆
——近代中国研究型自然科学博物馆的代表
Metropolitan Museum of Natural History, Academia Sinica:
A Representative Museum of Natural Scientific Research in Modern China
侯江
Hou Jiang
（重庆自然博物馆，重庆，400700）
（Chongqing Natural History Museum, Chongqing, 400700）
内容提要：1930年创办的国立中央研究院自然历史博物馆，秉承世界博物馆发展理念，在标本的野外采集和藏品的分类研究上颇有建树，是近代中国顶级科研机构创办研究型自然科学博物馆的代表之一。其产生与发展，不仅促进了中国生物学的进步，而且丰富了中国博物馆学体系。
关键词：国立中央研究院自然历史博物馆 博物馆史 近代中国 研究型自然科学博物馆
Abstract: Following the world museum development track, the Metropolitan Museum of Natural History, Academia Sinica, was founded in 1930, and it had made a great contribution to field works and taxonomic researches based on its collections. It was one of the representatives of those museums of natural scientific research established by top institutions in modern China. Its establishment and development concurrently promoted biological research and enriched the system of scientific museum in China.
Key Words: Metropolitan Museum of Natural History, Academia Sinica; museum history; modern China; museum of natural scientific research
新中国初期科学类博物馆史实疏证
Research on the Historical Facts of Science Museums in the Early Period of the PRC
徐玲
Xu Ling
（郑州大学考古学系，郑州，450000）
（Department of Archaeology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000）
内容提要：中华人民共和国成立后，全面调整国家文化建设策略。致力于建立“民族的、科学的、大众的”新民主主义文化体系。作为重要文化机构，博物馆为适应国家文化建设需要，重新厘定基本性质和建馆方针。在建馆理念上，因突出强调地志类、纪念类博物馆，对其类型理论讨论较多，但实践中，从中央到地方均对科学类博物馆建设给予重视。此时期科学类博物馆既是对民国科学馆的继承，也是当时新建博物馆体系中不容忽视的一个科学普及宣传阵地。
关键词：新中国初期 科学类博物馆 科学馆 科学普及 博物馆史
Abstract: After the founding of the PRC, the national cultural construction strategy was comprehensively adjusted. We are committed to establishing a “national, scientific and popular” new democratic cultural system. As an important cultural institution, museums have redefined their basic properties and construction policy to meet the needs of national cultural construction. In the construction concept, there was more discussions on their type theory because of the emphasis on topographical and memorial museums. However, the central to local governments paid attention to the construction of science museums in practice. At this time, science museums not only inherited the Science Museum of the Republic of China, but also a scientific popularization and publicity position which can not be ignored in the new museum system.
Key Words: The early period of the PRC; science museums; science museum; popularization of science; museum history
深圳博物馆石棺床肩舆图内容考证
Textual Research on the Content of the Stretcher Image of the Sarcophagus in Shenzhen Museum
董睿
Dong Rui
（河南大学美术学院，开封，475000）
（Fine Arts College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000）
内容提要：深圳博物馆展出过一套石棺床围屏的构件，在右侧围屏上有一幅两人抬着一副无人的肩舆图像。在孝子故事图像中，肩舆是孝孙原穀故事符号性特征，无人的肩舆是工匠或丧家根据孝孙原穀故事图像粉本刻意作出的改变。
关键词：肩舆图 孝子 石棺床 原穀 北朝
Abstract: The Shenzhen Museum exhibited a set of sarcophagus bed enclosures, on the right side of which there is an image of two people carrying an unoccupied stretcher. In the image of filial piety, the stretcher was the symbolic feature of the story of filial piety, and the unattended stretcher was the deliberate change made by the craftsmen or the bereaved according to the image of filial piety.
Key Words: The stretcher image; filial son; sarcophagus; Yuan Gu; Northern Dynasties
苏格兰的中国古代青铜器收藏
Ancient Chinese Bronze Collections in Scotland
胡嘉麟1 庞佳2
Hu Jialin1 Pang Jia2
（1. 上海博物馆，上海，200003；2. 重庆中国三峡博物馆，重庆，400015）
（1. Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, 200003; 2. Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, Chongqing, 400015）
内容提要：20世纪英国成为海外收藏中国古代青铜器最重要的国家之一，这些艺术品大部分保存于伦敦、剑桥、牛津等地的博物馆。然而，苏格兰的收藏家和博物馆也起到至关重要的作用，却甚少为外界所知。苏格兰收藏有中国古代青铜器的博物馆主要有三家，即爱丁堡的苏格兰国家博物馆、格拉斯哥的巴勒珍藏馆和阿伯丁大学的国王博物馆。20世纪的苏格兰收藏家或是工作经历、或是个人机遇，都与中国古代艺术结下不解之缘。中国古老的历史文化通过他们得以在英国流传。在中西文化碰撞，古今文化交融的年代，这些珍贵的艺术品极大地丰富了欧洲人民对遥远东方的认知。
关键词：苏格兰 青铜器 收藏家
Abstract: In the 20th century, Britain became one of the most important countries to collect ancient Chinese bronzes overseas. Most of these works of art are preserved in museums in London, Cambridge, Oxford and other places. However, little known is about that Scottish collectors and museums also play a vital role. There are three museums in Scotland that collect ancient Chinese bronzes, including the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, the Burrell Collection in Glasgow, and the King’s Museum at the University of Aberdeen. Scottish collectors in the 20th century have an indissoluble bond with ancient Chinese art, either through work experience or personal opportunities. China’s ancient history and culture can also be spread in Britain through them. In the era of the collision between Chinese and Western cultures and the blending of ancient and modern cultures, these precious works of art have greatly enriched the European people’s understanding of the East.
Key Words: Scotland; bronzes; collectors
城市空间衍变与博物馆馆址跃迁——以江西省博物馆为中心的文化考察
Evolution of Urban Space and Transition of Museum Sites:
A Cultural Study Centered on Jiangxi Provincial Museum
刘迪 罗永顺
Liu Di Luo Yongshun
（江西省博物馆，南昌，330013）
（Jiangxi Provincial Museum, Nanchang, 330013）
内容提要：本文从文化层面考察了江西省博物馆在南昌城市空间衍变下馆址跃迁过程与特征，解读其在不同时期的空间配置、表征及时间指向，以呈现博物馆馆址与城市空间的深层互动。
关键词：博物馆馆址 城市空间 江西省博物馆 文化研究
Abstract: This paper attempts to show the transition processes and characteristics of the sites of Jiangxi Provincial Museum under the evolution of Nanchang urban space from the perspective of cultural studies. Also, it interprets its spatial configuration, representation, and time direction in different periods, in order to present the deep interaction between the museum sites and urban space.
Key Words: Museum site; urban space; Jiangxi Provincial Museum; cultural studies
革命类纪念馆原创展览巡展工作的实践与思考——以中国人民抗日战争纪念馆为例
Practice and Thoughts on the Original Traveling Exhibition in the Revolutionary Memorial Museum: Taking Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression as an Example
王业鑫 罗存康
Wang Yexin Luo Cunkang
（中国人民抗日战争纪念馆，北京，100165）
（Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Beijing, 100165）
内容提要：原创展览巡展是革命类纪念馆展览业务的重要组成部分，随着国家对红色文化宣传、革命精神传承的日益重视，革命类纪念馆原创展览巡展工作迎来发展机遇期，同时又面临新的任务与挑战。中国人民抗日战争纪念馆近十年来持续加强原创展览的输出力度，通过创新机制，积极探索，已将本馆原创展览打造为革命类展览国内巡展的文化品牌。提高政治站位，坚持守正创新，加强巡展工作的馆内外配合协作，明确责任分工，完善工作流程，真抓巡展策划执行细节，在实践中总结经验，用更科学的工作方法指导实践，让巡展工作成为革命类纪念馆讲好红色故事、扩大纪念馆社会影响力、推进革命精神宣导的强有力抓手。
关键词：革命类纪念馆 巡展 宣传推广 中国人民抗日战争纪念馆
Abstract: The original traveling exhibition is an important part of the exhibition affairs of the revolutionary memorial museum, which is in the era of development opportunities, and also faces new tasks and challenges as the increasing emphasis on red cultural publicity and the inheritance of revolutionary spirit. As the main business of memorial museum, the Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression has continuously strengthened the output of original exhibitions in the past ten years. Through continuous mechanism innovation and active exploration, it has become a cultural brand of revolutionary exhibitions in domestic traveling exhibitions. Revolutionary memorial museums should improve political positions, adhere to integrity and innovation, strengthen the internal and external cooperation of the museum traveling exhibition work, clarify the division of responsibilities, improve the work process, and pay attention to the details of the exhibition planning and implementation, and finally summarize the experience in practice and apply more scientific working methods to guide practice to make the traveling exhibition as a powerful tool to tell the red story, expand the social influence of the memorial museum, and promote the promotion of revolutionary spirit.
Key Words: The revolutionary memorial museum; traveling exhibition; cultural promotion; Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
天津博物馆观众体验影响因素及性别差异分析
Analysis on the Influencing Factors and Gender Differences of Tianjin Museum Visitors’ Experience
管永康1 张佳雪1 游瑞芳2 吴梦华2 涂俊3
Guan Yongkang1 Zhang Jiaxue1 You Ruifang2 Wu Menghua2 Tu Jun3
（1. 南开大学文学院，天津，300071；2. 南开大学旅游与服务学院，天津，300350；
3. 南开大学文学国家级实验教学示范中心，天津，300071）
（1. School of Literature, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071; 2. College of Tourism and Service Management, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350; 3. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Arts Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071）
内容提要：为探讨影响观众参观体验的影响因素与不同性别群体的认知差异，提高博物馆的体验性，基于文献研究与体验经济理论，通过问卷调查获取研究信息，借助SPSS软件对天津博物馆观众体验影响因素的重要性进行实证分析。结果发现：在天津博物馆的五项体验因素中，重要性从大到小依次为展品组织、设施与服务、教育意义、展览与活动、文化与环境；不同性别群体对博物馆的展品组织、设施与服务、文化与环境认知差异性显著；男性群体更看重教育意义，而女性群体更倾向于展品组织。基于此结论，建议博物馆建设要重视以“物”为核心的传统职能，保障其固有的历史价值与服务属性不被破坏，同时要立足于性别差异，构建观众身份认同。
关键词：天津博物馆 观众需求 用户体验 影响因素 性别差异
Abstract: In order to explore the influencing factors affecting visitors’ tour experience and the differences in perceptions of different gender groups, and to improve the experience of the museum, based on literature research and experience economy theory, research information was obtained through a questionnaire survey, and the importance of each experience influencing factor in Tianjin Museum was empirically analyzed with the help of SPSS. The results found that: among the five experience factors of Tianjin Museum, the following are ranked in descending order of importance: exhibit organization, facilities and services, educational significance, exhibitions and events, culture and environment; the differences in the perceptions of exhibit organization, facilities and services, culture and environment of museums were significant across gender groups; the male group values educational significance more, while the female group prefers exhibit organization. Based on these findings, it is suggested that museums should focus on the traditional function of “objects” to ensure that their inherent historical value and service attributes are not destroyed and that the identity of visitors should be constructed based on gender differences.
Key Words: Tianjin Museum; tourist demand; user experience; influencing factors; gender differences
“博物馆与健康”之公共卫生干预——以欧美博物馆实例探索博物馆的社会职能
Museum-based Public Health Intervention: Exploring the Social Work of Museum with Examples from Europe and America
姜燕蓉
Jiang Yanrong
（莱斯特大学博物馆学院，莱斯特）
（School of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester）
内容提要：近十年，“博物馆与健康”这一概念在欧美博物馆学界被广泛关注并得到迅速发展，其强调了博物馆对公共卫生的干预及完善医疗卫生体系的作用，拓展了博物馆的社会职能。新型冠状病毒感染已成为全球公共卫生事件，国内博物馆积极探索实践博物馆应对公共事件的策略，线上展览、数字化资源共享、疫情记忆征集等活动在全国范围内得到广泛响应。但博物馆不应只是事件的记录者、承载者，也可以作为先行者，博物馆是宣传疾病预防、进行公共健康教育和心理疗愈等致力于人类身心健康的理想场所。同时，博物馆参与公共卫生干预不应仅关注当下的疫情，还应着眼于未来，配合完善国民健康政策，拓展博物馆的社会职能。
关键词：博物馆与健康 公共卫生干预 社会职能
Abstract: This paper emphasized the influence of museums on public health interventions and social health systems. Under the coronavirus pandemic situation, Chinese museums are actively exploring various strategies for responding to this public event, such as online exhibitions, sharing digital resources with the public, call for the objects of memories about the coronavirus pandemic, these activities were popular around the country. However, museums are not just the recorders and carriers of different public events, museums can also be the pioneers. Museums are the ideal places to promote public health and conduct public health interventions for the coronavirus pandemic and other public health issues. Museums can actively cooperate with local government to improve national health policy.
Key Words: Museum in health; public health intervention; social work
清宫黑漆描金大宝座工艺研究与保护修复
Research, Protection and Repair of Black Lacquered Golden Throne in Qing Palace
徐婕
Xu Jie
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：黑漆描金大宝座是清宫典型的黑漆描金工艺大体量漆家具，一定程度上反映了其漆工艺特征。由于受温湿度变化、胎体接触地面受潮等因素影响，其漆层腐蚀，胎体糟损，保护修复刻不容缓。利用红外光谱、热裂解—气相色谱/质谱、拉曼光谱等科技手段，对其自然起翘脱落的漆皮碎片进行科学实验分析，结果表明，黑漆描金大宝座髹漆层不完全使用黑漆髹饰，其中加入了褐漆；漆基底层的纤维成分为麻，证实其使用了布漆工艺；其漆层结构为木胎—布漆层—漆灰层—髹漆层—金饰层，体现出其髹漆质法的工艺步骤为底、垸、糙。这为其保护修复提供了工艺及材料选择的科学依据，对清宫黑漆描金大型漆家具的保护修复具有一定的参考意义。
关键词：黑漆描金大宝座 工艺研究 实验分析 描金修复
Abstract: The black lacquered golden throne is a piece of typical large-scale lacquer furniture with black lacquer drawing in the Qing Dynasty, which reflects the lacquer process characteristics of the large-scale black lacquered golden furniture in the Qing palace to a certain extent. Due to factors such as changes in temperature and humidity, and the contact of the carcass with the ground, the paint layer is corroded, and the carcass is damaged. It is urgent to protect and repair. Using scientific and technological means such as infrared spectroscopy, thermal cracking-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, etc., scientific experimental analysis was carried out on the patent leather fragments that naturally lifted and fell off. It is decorated with brown lacquer; the fiber composition of the lacquer base layer is hemp, which confirms that it uses the cloth lacquer process; its lacquer layer structure is a wood tire, a cloth lacquer layer, a lacquer gray layer, a painted lacquer layer, and a gold decoration layer, reflecting the process steps of the paint quality method are base, ridge and rough. This provides a scientific basis for the selection of craftsmanship and materials for its protection and restoration, and has a certain reference significance for the protection and restoration of large-scale lacquer furniture with black lacquer painting in the Qing Dynasty.
Key Words: Black lacquered golden throne; handicraft research; experiment analysis; gold repair
养心殿唐卡《吉祥天母挂像轴》中两种金属线的科学分析研究
Scientific Analysis of Metal Threads in Thangka Palden Lhamo of the Palace Museum
王婕 方小济 刘瀚文 雷勇
Wang Jie Fang Xiaoji Liu Hanwen Lei Yong
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：在对故宫养心殿西暖阁佛堂唐卡《吉祥天母挂像轴》的装帧进行修复时，发现装帧织金缎所用金属线有金色、黑色两种颜色。本文使用三维视频显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪，分析了唐卡装帧的织物组织结构及两种金属线的形貌和主要成分。这两种颜色的金属线主要结构基本相同，金色线表面金箔成分为金，黑色线为银。随着时间的推移，两种金属线都有劣化的情况发生。银线劣化更为严重，其表面生成的大量硫化物是导致其变黑的主要原因。
关键词：唐卡 织金锦 金线 银线
Abstract: Two kinds of metal threads were used in the gilt brocade of Thangka Palden Lhamo, which had been hung on the wall of the Cultivation Hall in Forbidden City for nearly 300 years. In this paper, three-dimensional video microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were used to analyze the fabric structure of the metal threads. The main structure of the two kinds of metal wire is basically the same. Both two kinds of threads have four layers: metal foil, clay, glued paper and silk. The surface of the golden threads is gold, while the black threads is silver. Nearly 300 years past, deterioration of threads occurred. The deterioration of the silver threads is more serious, and a large amount of sulfide formed on its surface is the main cause of its blackening.
Key Words: Thangka; gilt brocade; gold threads; silver threads