近代国人的展览实践及学理认知
The Exhibition Practice and Theoretical Cognition of Modern Chinese People
王运良
Wang Yunliang
（河南大学历史文化学院，开封，475001）
（School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001）
内容提要：20世纪前半叶，中华民族时常处于动荡不安乃至生死存亡的危急关头，与此同时中西文化的不断碰撞又极大促进了国人的自悟与反思，尤其随着域外展览理念的舶入，国人较为清楚地认识到了其对于激励民族工商业发展、开展社会及文化教育、增进国民自身素养乃至实现民族复兴所能发挥的积极作用，于是，各种内容、各种形式的展览会在全国纷纷举办，而关于展览的历史、功能、方法、分类等的学理性探讨也顺势而生，不仅为建构相应理论框架奠定了基础，更深刻揭示出其与国家、民族命运的内在关联。
关键词：20世纪前半叶 教育展览 国货展览 文化展览 实践与理论
Abstract: The Chinese nation is often at a critical juncture of turmoil and even survival during the first half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the continuous collision of Chinese and Western cultures has greatly promoted the self-understanding and reflection of the Chinese people. Especially with the import of the extraterritorial exhibition concept into China, the Chinese people have been clearly aware of the positive role it can play in encouraging the development of national industry and commerce, carrying out social and cultural education, enhancing the people’s own quality and even realizing national rejuvenation, there upon, various exhibitions of content and forms have been held across the country. Synchronously, theoretical discussions on the history, functions, methods and classification of the exhibition also came into being. This not only lays the foundation for constructing the corresponding theoretical framework, but also profoundly reveals its internal connection with the fate of the country and the nation.
Key Words: The first half of the twentieth century; education exhibition; domestic goods exhibition; cultural exhibition; practice and theory
中国博物馆集群发展模式探析
Development Pattern of Museum Clusters in China
罗小力
Luo Xiaoli
（南京市博物总馆，南京，210000）
（Nanjing Museum Administration, Nanjing, 210000）
内容提要：博物馆是城市文化的生命和灵魂，在公共文化服务中占据重要的地位。随着公众对文化需求的不断增强，博物馆也亟待向高品质、专业化的方向发展。博物馆数量的不断激增为形成集群奠定了基础，博物馆集群也为博物馆向高质量水平的发展提供了有效的解决途径。目前博物馆集群的发展类型有项目式、区域式、总分馆式和虚拟式四种，从确定发展规划、制定配套管理制度、增强对外合作等方面提出博物馆集群发展的整体思路，促进博物馆更好地发展，并对城市的政治、经济发挥出应有的文化影响力和传播力。
关键词：博物馆 集群 公共服务 高质量发展
Abstract: Museums are the life and soul of urban culture, which occupy an important position in public cultural services. As the public cultural needs keep growing, museums urgently strive to be more high-quality and professional. The increasing number of museums lays the foundation for clusters, which also provide an effective solution for museums to achieve the high-quality level. Now regional cluster, project cluster, superior and subordinate museum cluster and virtual cluster are the four models of museum clusters. To achieve better development, museums should identify development planning, establish matched management system as well as enhance external cooperation, which can have the cultural influence on the society and economy of the city.
Key Words: Museum; cluster; public service; high-quality development
博物馆策展新实践与开放式展览
New Curatorial Practice and Open Exhibition of Museum
史明立
Shi Mingli
（南越王博物院，广州，510040）
（Nanyue King Museum, Guangzhou, 510040）
内容提要：现代博物馆展览是以展品为基础，具有开放性的叙事体系和建构、解构意义的场合，并非文物的集合。博物馆策展新实践体现了对开放性的追求，但仍有很大的改善空间。“展览生命”的观念将展览视为一个独立个体，其不同阶段均存在着多元的可能性和广泛的开放性。基于此，任何一个阶段的展览关联者均具有建构、解构展览叙事，即创造展览的能力，进而使展览的生命超越展期而得以延长。开放式展览不但能通过展览关联者的参与形成愈发开放而多元的叙事，而且能通过先进的策展观念完善学术研究，甚至成为策展史的重要一环。
关键词：策展实践 叙事体系 公众参与 开放性
Abstract: A modern museum exhibition, based on artifacts, is an open narrative system and an occasion where sense can be constructed and deconstructed, but not a collection of artifacts. Currently, a few of new curatorial practice embody the pursuit of openness. However, there is still much room for improvement. The concept of "the life of an exhibition" regards an exhibition as an independent individual, and there are multiple possibilities and extensive openness in different stages. Therefore, these participants of an exhibition at any stage have the ability to construct and deconstruct the narrative, in other words, to create the exhibition, so that the life of the exhibition can be extended beyond the exhibition period. Through participation of the public, an exhibit will become an increasingly open and diverse narrative system. Furthermore, with advanced curatorial conceptions, it will benefit academic research and play an important part in the history of curating.
Key Words: Curatorial practice; narrative system; participation of the public; openness
国有博物馆资金来源研究(1996—2019)
Research on the Funding Sources of State-owned Museums (1996-2019)
杨晓琳
Yang Xiaolin
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：国有博物馆资金来源主要由财政补助收入、上级补助收入、事业收入、经营收入组成。充分认识、掌握、测算博物馆资金来源脉络、发展趋势、瓶颈问题具有现实意义。本文纵向统计、测算1996—2019年博物馆资金来源，对2019年31省(市、自治区)数据横向比较，得出如下结论：24年间国家对国有博物馆资金投入增速高于同期财政收入增速近10倍；国有博物馆资金来源具有阶段性特征；经营收入占比呈U形曲线发展趋势，免费开放政策后事业收入大幅降低；区域间资金来源馆际差异大。基于对以上问题的分析，建议加强顶层设计，建立长效机制；注重政府财政投入的倾向性；鼓励多元化筹资，优化资金结构；科学分级，加强资金监管；处理好博物馆运营中市场、社会和政府的关系，实现综合效益最大化。
关键词：国有博物馆 资金来源 定量分析 投入结构 免费开放政策
Abstract: The fund sources of state-owned museums are mainly composed of financial subsidy income, superior subsidy income, enterprise income and operation income. It is of practical significance to fully understand, master and calculate the sources, development trends and bottlenecks of museum funds. The relevant theoretical research lags behind, and the quantitative analysis is blank. According to the statistics and calculation of the capital sources of Chinese museums from 1996 to 2019, the cross-sectional data of 31 provinces in 2019 are compared: in the 24 years, the growth rate of national investment in museums is nearly 10 times faster than that of fiscal revenue in the same period; the income sources of museums are characterized by stages; the proportion of business income shows a U-curve, and the business income decreases significantly after the free admission policy; the sources of funds vary greatly among regions. It is suggested to strengthen the top-level design and establish a long-term mechanism; pay attention to the tendency of government financial investment; we should encourage diversified financing and optimize the capital structure; scientific classification, strengthen capital supervision; we should balance the relationship among market, society and government in the operation of museums, so as to maximize the comprehensive benefits.
Key Words: State-owned museum; source of funds; quantitative analysis; input structure; free admission policy
具身认知视角下展览设计实践初探：以南京博物院
“读·万卷——清代内府刻书珍藏”展为例
Discussion on the Exhibition Design from the Perspective of Embodied Cognition:
Taking the Exhibition Read Thousands of Books：The Imperial Block Print Books of Qing Dynasty（1644-1911） as an Example
王雯雁
Wang Wenyan
（南京博物院，南京，210016）
(Nanjing Museum, Nanjing, 210016)
内容提要：博物馆起源于人对物的收藏与欣赏，随着博物馆理念的不断更迭，大众的观展方式不再以视觉为主导，而出现了向具身化、多感知方向发展的趋势。本文以南京博物院“读·万卷——清代内府刻书珍藏”展为例，从具身认知的视角探索博物馆展览设计的潜在思路，通过空间、视觉、触觉、嗅觉四个角度，聚焦于展览设计的思考。旨在为增强观者体验提供更多可能性，为传统文化的传播尝试新的形式。
关键词：具身认知 多感知 博物馆 展览设计
Abstract: Museum originates from people’s collection and appreciation of objects. As the update of museum aim concept, the public’s way of visiting exhibition is no longer visual-oriented, but switch towards embodiment and multisensory direction. Taking the Nanjing Museum’s temporary exhibition Read Thousands of Books: The Imperial Block Print Books of Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）as an example, this paper explores the potential ideas of exhibition design from the perspective of embodied cognition, focus on the exhibition design through the four aspects: space, vision, touch and smell. The aim is to provide more possibilities for enhancing the visitors' experience, to try new forms for the dissemination of traditional culture.
Key Words: Embodied cognition; multisensory; museum; exhibition design
高校“教学型”展览的运作模式与总结评量——基于复旦大学博物馆案例分析
Operation Mode and Summary Evaluation of Teaching-oriented Exhibition in Universities: Based on the Case Study of Fudan University Museum
麻赛萍
Ma Saiping
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：高校博物馆的主要功能包含教学、科研和外展服务。与近年提倡的“学术型”展览对应，“教学型”展览应成为高校博物馆另一大特色与增长点。“教学型”展览，即基于各专业学科的教学成果所呈现的展览，同时又以展览为教学手段，培养兼具专业能力与科普意识的学生。复旦大学博物馆通过九年的本科教学展览模式的探索与实践，结合2019年“一面见君怀——明清江南扇面展”进行了总结评量，尝试探索一条既适应现阶段高校博物馆现状又能达到学生培养目的的双赢路径。
关键词：“教学型”展览 运作模式 总结评量 案例分析
Abstract: The main functions of university museums include teaching, scientific research and outreach services. Corresponding to the academic exhibition advocated in recent years, teaching-oriented exhibition should become another major feature and growth point of university museums. Teaching-oriented exhibition is an exhibition based on the teaching achievements of various professional disciplines. At the same time, it takes exhibition as a teaching means to cultivate students with both professional ability and popular science awareness. Through nine years of exploration and practice of undergraduate teaching exhibition mode, Fudan University Museum tries to explore a win-win path that can not only adapt to the current situation of university museums, but also achieve the purpose of student training. The conclusion of this paper is supported by the summary evaluation around Meet your Heart: Jiangnan fan exhibition in the Ming and Qing Dynasties held in 2019.
Key Words: Teaching-oriented exhibition; operation mode; summary evaluation; case analysis
博物馆语境下弱功能游戏的悬疑叙事设计研究
——以上海玻璃博物馆《消失的艺术家》为例
Suspenseful Narrative Design Research on Weak Serious Games in the Context of Museums:
Taking The Vanishing Artist by Shanghai Museum of Glass as an Example
吴心怡
Wu Xinyi
（上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院，上海，200444）
（School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444）
内容提要：随着博物馆2.0时代的到来，功能游戏与博物馆的融合带来全新的观众体验，重塑观众之间交往互动的方式，也形成了特有的叙事体系。本文以上海玻璃博物馆真人扮演实景游戏《消失的艺术家》为例，从叙事环境、叙事层次、叙事视角三个方面进行归纳，分享叙事设计中的匠心所在，为其他功能游戏提供经验。
关键词：功能游戏 博物馆 叙事设计 剧本杀
Abstract: With entering an era of museum 2.0, the integration of serious games and museums brings audience new experience, which reshapes the way of interaction between audience as well as forms a unique narrative system. Taking The Vanishing Artist, a live action role-playing game from Shanghai Museum of Glass, as an example, this paper shares the originality in narrative design from these aspects, including narrative environment, narrative level and narrative perspective, thereby providing experience for other functional games.
Key Words: Serious games; museum; narrative design; live action role-playing games