民国时期博物馆开放管理研究——以参观规则为中心的考察
Research on the Opening Management of Museums in the Republic of China (1912-1949):
Investigation Centered on Visiting Rules
史勇
Shi Yong
（甘肃省文物局，兰州，730030）
（Gansu Provincial Administration of Cultural Heritage, Lanzhou, 730030）
内容提要：参观规则是民国时期博物馆开放管理的重要制度保障。开放时间、开放方式、观众管理、观众服务四要素构成了民国时期博物馆参观规则的主要内容，客观上发挥了维持博物馆运行秩序、提升社会文明程度和民众素质的作用。民国时期博物馆参观规则为当代中国博物馆开放管理提供了制度原型。民国学界展开了关于博物馆开放管理的理论探讨，但理论与实践之间存在一定差距。通过以参观规则为中心的历史考察，有助于勾勒民国时期博物馆开放管理的概貌。
关键词：民国 博物馆 参观规则 开放管理
Abstract: Visiting rules are an important institutional guarantee for the opening management of museums in the Republic of China (1912-1949). Opening time, opening mode, audience management and audience service constitute the main contents of museum visiting rules in the Republic of China (1912-1949), which objectively play a role in maintaining the order of museum operation, improving the degree of social civilization and people’s quality. The museum visiting rules in the Republic of China (1912-1949) provided an institutional prototype for the opening management of contemporary Chinese museums. The academic circles of the Republic of China (1912-1949) launched a theoretical discussion on the opening management of museums, but there is a certain gap between theory and practice. Through the historical investigation centered on visiting rules, it is helpful to outline the general situation of museum opening management in the Republic of China (1912-1949).
Key Words: Republic of China (1912-1949); museums; visiting rules; opening management
纪念类博物馆“网络仪式”的符号学分析——以“国家公祭网”为例
The Social Semiotic Analysis on Cyber-Ritual of Memorial Museums:
Based on “The National Memorial” Website
张俊龙
Zhang Junlong
（山东大学历史文化学院，济南，250100）
（School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100）
内容提要：国家公祭作为铭记民族创伤、昭示未来，形铸现代民族—国家共同体的有效仪式，除在实体建筑空间举行外，虚拟化的“网络仪式”，即借助声音、影像、触摸屏等新科技、新媒介，将多种符号意义资源互协适用，使其交互合力生成可介入性文化意义综合体，激活观众身体的多重感知觉生理机制，实现具身参与。“网络仪式”所体现的（原生语境）概念体系和认知观念，使得纪念类博物馆的公众传播度、辨识度和认知度，得以突破常规时空限域，生成近乎无边界的价值意义传递。
关键词：纪念类博物馆 国家公祭 网络仪式 符号
Abstract: The national memorial, as the permanent inscription of catastrophes, linking the present with the past and to the future, plays an important role in modern nation-state building. The cyber-ritual, along with concrete buildings, is an integrated meaning complex, composed by written words, colors, images, audios, videos, and other hypermodalities. These modalities complement with each other, and cooperate to produce the engaged cultural complexity, attracting visitors to be embodied as deep as possible. Through the affordance of cyber-media, it is possible for memorial museums to convey their original concepts and cognition to the potential public more vividly and recognizably, overcoming spatial-temporal limitations and reproducing some universal values.
Key Words: Memorial museums; the national memorial; cyber-ritual; sign
文物主题标引之原则与方法研究——以文献领域为参照
Research on the Principles and Methods of Subject Indexing of Cultural Objects: Based on the Documents Field
石倩雯 黄明玉
Shi Qianwen Huang Mingyu
（北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院，北京，100083）
（Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083）
内容提要：为帮助用户在博物馆的网站中更好地检索文物并获取其相关信息，博物馆研究人员应从文物信息中分析、标引主题，这是博物馆文物信息数字化过程中至关重要的一环。文献领域之主题标引理论架构和实际应用方面较为完善、成熟，对文物主题标引的研究具有参考价值。因此，本文通过梳理文献与文物主题标引研究现况，借由对比两者之主题分析原则与方法、标引目的及意义、标引来源及应用三方面内容，望对文物主题标引原则与方法研究有借鉴意义。对比发现，二者标引目的及意义一致，均以满足用户检索需求为最终目标；在主题分析的原则与方法方面，二者在制定标引广度与深度缘由和主题分析方法方面均存在差异；标引来源及应用方面，二者标引难度与应用现况亦不同。
关键词：文献 文物 主题标引 文物信息数字化 博物馆网站
Abstract: To help users retrieve cultural objects and gain relevant information more effectively on museum’s website, museum researchers are supposed to analyze and index subjects from information about cultural objects, which is a vital step of digitizing information about cultural objects collected by museum. Subject indexing of documents field features complete and mature theoretical framework and practical application, which is of reference value for the study on subject indexing of cultural objects. Hence, based on a review of the current research status of subject indexing of documents and cultural objects, this article makes a comparative analysis of the two in terms of thematic analysis principles and methods, indexing objectives and meaning, and indexing sources and application, hopefully it can be used for reference in the study of the principles and methods of cultural objects subject indexing. By comparison, it is found that the indexing objective of the two is the same, that is, to satisfy the retrieval needs of users. Nevertheless, when it comes to the principles and methods of subject analysis, the two are different in the reason of indexing breadth and depth and subject analysis methods; in terms of indexing sources and application, the two vary in indexing difficulty and application status as well.
Key Words: Documents; cultural objects; subject indexing; digitalization of cultural object information; museums’ websites
试论浮世绘《月百姿》中的中国文化元素
On the Chinese Cultural Elements in the Ukiyo-e of Tsuki Hyakushi
丁纯怡
Ding Chunyi
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：中国国家博物馆收藏的百幅《月百姿》系列版画是日本著名浮世绘画师月冈芳年晚年的代表作，亦是浮世绘历史上的重要作品，具有独特的审美意趣与文化内涵。本文以剖析月冈芳年的生平及其所处的时代背景为基础，对《月百姿》中源自中国神话、唐诗、明清通俗文学典故的作品展开详细探析，进而对《月百姿》中可见的明治维新时期中日文化交流做尝试性考察。
关键词：浮世绘 中国国家博物馆 月冈芳年 《月百姿》 中国文化元素
Abstract: The series of Japanese woodblock prints Tsuki Hyakushi (One Hundred Aspects of the Moon) collected by the National Museum of China are the representative works of the famous Japanese Ukiyo-e painter, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, in his later years. They are also one of the important works in the history of Ukiyo-e, which have unique aesthetic interests and cultural connotations. Based on the analysis of the life of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi and the background of the times in which he lived, this article makes a detailed analysis of the works derived from Chinese mythology, Tang poetry and popular literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and makes a tentative investigation of the cultural exchanges between China and Japan in Meiji Restoration period.
Key Words: Ukiyo-e; National Museum of China; Tsukioka Yoshitoshi; Tsuki Hyakushi; Chinese cultural elements
从“文物展示”到“历史叙事”：张之洞与武汉博物馆策展设计理念分析
From “Cultural Relics Display” to “Historical Narrative”: Curatorial Design Concept Analysis in the Case of Museum of Zhang Zhidong in Wuhan
李德庚
Li Degeng
（清华大学美术学院，北京，100084）
（Academy of Art & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084）
内容提要：文章以张之洞与武汉博物馆为例，探讨了在文物资源不足、展厅空间不规则的情况下，如何变不利条件为有利条件，将“展览策划”转化为“展览创作”，进一步探讨近现代历史展览中对人物与城市关系的表现方法，以及这种表现方法对观众的启迪与影响；其主旨在于与同行和读者探讨：近现代历史的展厅如何突破教科书式陈列，成为以观众为中心的思考空间。
关键词：张之洞 武汉 博物馆 展览策划 空间叙事
Abstract: Through the case of Museum of Zhang Zhidong in Wuhan, the paper investigates the transformation from “exhibition curation” to “exhibition creation” in unfavorable conditions such as insufficient cultural relics or irregular exhibition hall space. Moreover, it explores methods in exhibiting relationship between human and cities in modern and contemporary history exhibitions, and the inspiration and in?uence produced by these methods to their visitors. Ultimately, the author intends to share and discuss with its peers and audience regarding approaches that museum halls of modern and contemporary history could adopt to break limits of traditional doctrinal display, becoming visitor-centred thinking spaces.
Key Words: Zhang Zhidong; Wuhan; museum; curation; spatial narrative
“互联网+展览文化活动”引发的思考
——基于重庆中国三峡博物馆与美团的首次合作案例
Reflections on “Internet Plus Exhibition Cultural Activities”:
Based on the First Cooperation Between Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum and Meituan
付万坪
Fu Wanping
（重庆中国三峡博物馆，重庆，400010）
（Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, Chongqing, 400010）
内容提要：文化市场化的背景之下，博物馆的活力如何体现？“互联网+”大趋势下，博物馆如何发展？带着这样的思考，重庆中国三峡博物馆与美团在疫情后开展首次合作，举办了“一袭风华待伊人”展览衍生文化活动。由此，对博物馆文化内容生产、分类分众服务、社会合作开展以及如何充分利用“互联网+”效能更好履行博物馆使命等展开了讨论。
关键词：博物馆 互联网+ 文化活动 市场
Abstract: Under the background of cultural marketization, how to embody the vitality of museums? How will museums develop under the trend of “internet plus”? With this in mind, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum cooperated with the Meituan for the first time and held cultural activities derived from the exhibition. Thus, the discussion on the production of museum cultural content, the classification and service of different groups, the development of social cooperation and how to make full use of the “internet plus” efficiency to fulfill the mission of museums are discussed.
Key Words: Museum; internet plus; cultural activities; market
博物馆教育部门进校园的挑战与对策——以故宫博物院为例
Challenges and Suggestions for the Museum Education Programs in Schools:
Taking the Palace Museum as an Example
邓晨钰
Deng Chenyu
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：新世纪以来，博物馆的教育职能越来越受到重视，在此背景下，博物馆立足于馆藏资源，积极推动馆校合作，开发多种主题、多种形式的教育项目，在展厅抑或单独设立的教育活动空间，不乏莘莘学子的身影。博物馆教育项目也直接或间接地进入校园，使学生不必踏入博物馆，就能享受到博物馆的教育资源。文章主要围绕故宫博物院近年来“出馆进校”的学校必修课，从宏观上探讨博物馆教育部门员工在其间遇到的挑战及其原因，发掘应对之道；进而结合实际案例，在微观上对“课程开发”一环进行具体阐释，以期为今后博物馆行业的相关工作提供一定借鉴与参考。
关键词：博物馆教育 馆校合作 出馆进校 课程开发 故宫博物院
Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st century, more and more attention has been paid to the educational function of museum. The national top-level design provides a strong guarantee for the specific work of the museum’s education department. In this context, museum, based on its collection resources, actively promotes museum-school cooperation and develops educational programs of various themes and forms. The exhibition hall and the separate educational event space of museum are full of students. Museum education programs also make their way directly or indirectly into schools, so that students can enjoy the educational resources of the museum without paying an actual visit. This article mainly focuses on the compulsory course of “leave the museum and into the school” conducted by the Palace Museum in recent years. First of all, the challenges and reasons encountered by the staff in the education department of the museum are discussed from a macro perspective to explore the ways to deal with them. Then combined with the actual case, from a micro perspective, the “curriculum development” was explained specifically. This article is expected to provide some reference for the related work of the museums in the future.
Key Words: Museum education; museum-school cooperation; leave the museum and into the school; curriculum development; the Palace Museum
浅析破碎残缺青铜器的支撑、展陈与保存系统——以合浦文昌塔出土青铜提梁壶为例
Mount, Display and Preservation System of a Broken and Incomplete Bronze Ware:
A Case Study on a Bronze Pot with Over-top Handle Unearthed from Wenchang Pagoda, Hepu
刘彦琪
Liu Yanqi
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871）
内容提要：广西合浦文昌塔汉墓群出土提梁壶破碎残缺且保存状态差，为便于其保存与展陈，对其进行保护处理，并使用3D扫描、逆向工程与3D打印配合手工，制成内部支撑与外部支撑，将文物造型复原完整。所有支撑部件与文物碎片之间不使用粘接、焊接，仅通过机械连接，便于反复拆解和组装，最小限度干预文物本体，便于后续的器物研究和未来的再次保护处理。为确保器物安全，为其设计了特定结构的包装，便于日常存放和运输。文物底部碎片支撑模块上预留有多用途接口，既可用于连接包装模块，又可连接展陈支架，便于后续的保管与展陈工作的开展。
关键词：破碎青铜器 3D扫描与打印 逆向工程 支撑系统 包装
Abstract: The bronze pot with over-top handle unearthed from Han Tombs at Wenchang Pagoda, Hepu, Guangxi, was broken, incomplete and poorly preserved. In order to facilitate its preservation and display, the pot is protected and treated, and the internal support and external support were made by hand with 3D scanning, reverse engineering and 3D printing. All supporting components and fragments are not bonded or welded, but only mechanically connected, which is convenient for repeated disassembly and assembly, minimal interference with the body of cultural relics, and convenient for subsequent research and future retreatment. To ensure the safety of the pot, the package with specific structure is designed, making it convenient for daily storage and transportation. A multipurpose interface is reserved on the support of the bottom, which can be used to connect the packaging module and the exhibition mount, so as to facilitate the subsequent storage and exhibition work.
Key Words: Broken bronze ware; 3D scanning and printing; reverse engineering; mount system; packaging
3D打印技术在金属文物复制中的应用
——以中国国家博物馆馆藏鎏金铜观音造像、双兽首三轮盘的仿制为例
The Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Replication of Metal Relics:
Taking the Imitation of Gold-plated Bronze Guanyin Statue and Double Dragon Heads Three Wheels Plate in the National Museum of China as Examples
张鹏宇
Zhang Pengyu
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100079）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100079）
内容提要：出于展陈或文物保护的目的，博物馆经常需要对一些具有重要价值的金属文物进行复制。本文以中国国家博物馆馆藏鎏金铜观音造像、战国双兽首三轮盘的仿制为例，通过比较与复原实验的方法，摸索出集3D数据采集、3D模型制作、3D打印、传统随色等一整套完整的工序，成功地将3D打印技术融入金属文物传统复制工艺中，更好地提升了传统文物复制的效率，克服了不适宜采用传统翻模铸造工艺进行复制的难题。同时，也为3D打印技术运用到金属文物修复中奠定坚实的基础。
关键词：3D打印 3D扫描 3D建模 金属文物
Abstract: For the purpose of exhibition or cultural relics protection, we often need to replicate some important metal relics. In this paper, taking the imitation of the gold-plated Guanyin statue and the Warring States double dragon heads three wheels plate in the National Museum of China as examples, through the comparison and restoration experiment method, a complete set of processes including 3D data collection, 3D modeling, 3D printing and traditional skill of doing old are explored. The 3D printing technology is successfully integrated into the traditional metal replication process, which improves the replication of traditional cultural relics. The effciency overcomes the problem that it is not suitable to use the traditional ?ip casting process for replication. At the same time, it also laid a solid foundation for the application of 3D printing technology to the restoration of metal relics.
Key Word: 3D printing; 3D scanning; 3D modeling; metal relics
红漆镂雕绣球式庆成灯的制作工艺研究
Research on the Manufacturing Process of Red Lacquer Carving Embroidery Ball Type Qingcheng Lantern
张彤 康葆强 王娜 张云
Zhang Tong Kang Baoqiang Wang Na Zhang Yun
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：作为清宫祭祀供灯，庆成灯是专门用于年节中供奉先皇、先后的宫灯，具有很高的历史、文化和艺术价值。本文以一件清代晚期的庆成灯为例，首次通过采用拉曼光谱法、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用法、液相色谱/质谱联用法等多项分析技术对宫灯各部分的材质进行了研究。结果表明，宫灯以雕花、镂空的木胎为基体，髹漆工艺较为简单，表面红漆层由朱砂、大漆、熟桐油、蜂蜡组成；透明装饰物为绵羊角片，其上彩绘颜料有朱砂、铅白、群青、巴黎绿、普鲁士蓝等，为清代晚期绘制；宫灯穗为桑蚕丝质地，由天然植物染料姜黄染制而成，保存状况良好。研究在文献基础上，采用科技手段，较为全面地分析了庆成灯各部分的制作材质及制作工艺，结果有助于还原庆成灯的制作工艺，为保护修复、年代断定提供了科学依据。
关键词：庆成灯 髹漆工艺 羊角片 宫灯穗
Abstract: As a sacrificial lantern in the imperial court of the Qing Dynasty, Qingcheng lantern with high value of history, culture and art, was specially used for offering sacrifices to the imperial ancestors in the Spring Festival. In this paper, Qingcheng lantern made in the late Qing Dynasty was taken as an example. The materials of various parts of the palace lantern were studied for the first time by Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and other analytical techniques. The results showed that the palace lantern was based on carved and hollow wooden body and the technique of using lacquer was simple. The red lacquer layer on the surface was composed of cinnabar, lacquer, tung oil and beeswax. The transparent decorations are sheep horn pieces, painted with pigments such as cinnabar, lead white, cyan, Paris green and Prussian blue, which were painted in the late Qing Dynasty. Palace lantern ear which was made from mulberry silk and dyed with the natural plant dye turmeric, was in good condition. On the basis of document, the material and technology of each part of Qingcheng lantern was analyzed comprehensively by scientific and technological means. The results were helpful to restore the manufacturing technology of Qingcheng lantern and provided scientific basis for protection and restoration and dynasties distinguishment.
Key Words: Qingcheng lantern; the technique of using lacquer; sheep horn pieces; palace lantern ear