唐代剪纸贴花瓷枕探析
Research on the Porcelain Pillow with Paper-cut and Decal in Tang Dynasty
刘 东
Liu Dong
（安徽博物院，合肥，230071）
（Anhui Museum, Hefei, 230071)
内容提要：剪纸贴花是古陶瓷器上的一种装饰技法，主要流行于唐宋时期。其中一类剪纸贴花瓷枕在安徽、江苏等地有较多出土，釉色主要为黄釉，亦有黑釉和酱釉，分析可知它们应为唐代寿州窑烧造，比著名的宋代吉州窑剪纸贴花瓷器早数百年。这类瓷枕将剪纸艺术成功地运用到瓷器装饰上，工艺水平已较为成熟，具有鲜明的风格与特色。
关键词：剪纸贴花 寿州窑 唐代 瓷枕
Abstract: Paper-cut and decal is a kind of decoration technique on ancient ceramics, it was mainly popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties. One kind of paper-cut and decal porcelain pillows have been found in Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, the glaze color is mainly yellow glaze, there are also black glaze and brown glaze, analysis shows that they should be made in Shouzhou kiln of Tang Dynasty, it is hundreds of years earlier than the famous paper-cut and decal porcelain of Jizhou kiln in Song Dynasty. This kind of porcelain pillow successfully applied the art of paper cutting to porcelain decoration, this technology level has been relatively mature, it has distinctive style and characteristics.
Key Words: Paper-cut and decal; Shouzhou kiln; Tang Dynasty; porcelain pillow
北极阁出土清重修关帝庙碑考
A Textual Research of Rebuilt Guandi Temple Stele of Qing Dynasty Unearthed from Beijige
张云燕
Zhang Yunyan
（北京石刻艺术博物馆，北京，100091）
（Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum, Beijing, 100091）
内容提要：北京市东城区北极阁三条胡同近年出土重修关帝庙碑一通，由宁良郡王弘晈撰文，三朝老臣、大学士阿克敦书丹，记述弘晈重修府邸附近的关帝庙，为父王、母妃祈福之事。王府宗室是皇室与朝堂、民间的连接点，宁郡王修葺关帝庙作为家庙奉祀，体现了清前期关公信仰在满洲精英阶层之中的传播和兴盛。石碑的出土也为探讨北极阁地区街巷与建筑的变迁提供了新的线索。
关键词：重修关帝庙碑 北极阁三条 宁郡王 阿克敦
Abstract: In recent years, a stele was unearthed in Beijige 3rd Alley, Dongcheng District, Beijing. The article on the stele was written by Hongjiao, the County King of Ning, and the calligraphy was written by Grand Secretary Akedun. The article recorded the rebuilding of the Guandi Temple near the mansion of Hongjiao, praying for his father and mother. The royal clan is the connecting point between the royal family, the court hall and the people. The County king of Ning repaired Guandi temple as a family temple, which reflected the spread and prosperity of GuanYu belief among bannermen in Qianlong period. The excavation of the stele also provides a new clue to explore the changes of streets and buildings in the Beijige area.
Key Words: Rebuilt Guandi Temple Stele; Beijige 3rd Alley; County King of Ning; Akedun
首都博物馆藏刘墉款大字轴考辨
Textual Research on the Calligraphy Work Undersigned by Liu Yong in Capital Museum of China
宋文汐1 李瑞涛2
Song Wenxi Li Ruitao
（1.北京师范大学历史学院，北京，100875；2.北京师范大学艺术与传媒学院，北京，100875）
（1. School of History, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875; 2. School of Arts & Communication, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875）
内容提要：首都博物馆收藏有署名刘墉的行草字轴一幅，其主要内容与惠栋在《渔洋山人精华录训纂》中对《苏门行寄刘公?兼呈孙锺元先生》一诗中的句子“寻源采药去不返，空留鸟迹岩间书”中的“鸟迹”所做的注释相近，皆是围绕天书搜求的典故。而对于压脚章所钤“飞腾绮丽”一印，传世有盖有此印的作品即为刘墉姬妾代笔一说，笔者认为行草书的代笔难度极大，故而在判断时不应草率地一概而论。但这幅作品有较大可能是他人依底本仿写，并非出自刘墉本人之手。
关键词：刘墉 《渔洋山人精华录训纂》 鸟迹 代笔
Abstract: The calligraphy work written in cursive script undersigned by Liu Yong is collected by Capital Museum, China. The main content of it, which describes the allusion of searching for unknown characters, is similar to the annotations of “bird-track” made for the poem“Send to Liu Gongyong and Sun Zhongyuan” by Hui Dong in his book Annotation of Yuyangshanren’s Selected Works. Furthermore, the corner seal printing “Fei Teng Qi Li” of this work is commonly considered a sign of works ghostwritten by Liu Yong’s concubines. The authors think it is extremely difficult to imitate a cursive calligraphy work, so one should judge this kind of work more cautiously. But this work is more likely to be a copy of the original written by others, not by Liu Yong himself.
Key Words: Liu Yong; Annotation of Yuyangshanren’s Selected Works; bird-track; ghost writer
中央民族大学民族博物馆藏清代文书所见“乐和冲”考
Study on Lehechong Contracts of Qing Dynasty Collected in Minzu Museum of Minzu University of China
白?旭
Bai Xu
（民族文化宫博物馆，北京，100049）
（Museum of the Cultural Palace for Nationalities, Beijing, 100049）
内容提要：中央民族大学民族博物馆藏清代契约文书中有35份涉及“乐和冲”这一地名，黑土塘、罗摩箐、大井坡、克母阱等小地名亦与此相关。实地田野调查发现的李美珍家藏契约、村民口述、文昌会所用祭祀文献宣经本亦常见“乐和冲”。综合各种材料，可以确认清代乐和冲位于今大理市凤仪镇上乐和村。“乐和冲”是白语“上乐和村”的汉文翻译。这一翻译体现了当地居民对村庄自然环境的认知与记忆，承载了他们对美好生活的向往，此地的村庄文化是在白族文化的基础上融合汉族文化形成的。
关键词：契约 乐和冲 白族 宣经本 田野调查 中央民族大学民族博物馆
Abstract: There are 35 pieces of contracts of Qing Dynasty refering Lehechong, the village name, collected in Minzu Museum of Minzu University of China. Heitutang, Luomoqing, Dajingpo, Kemujing and other small place names are also related to these materials. Lehechong is also commonly found in contracts preserved by Li Meizhen family, oral accounts of villagers and the scriptures of sacrificial literature used by Wenchang Fellowship, which are explored through fieldwork. Based on various materials, it can be confirmed that the village, Lehechong, in Qing Dynasty was located in Upper Lehe Village, Fengyi Town, Dali today. The name Lehechong is a Chinese translation of the village name in Bai language of Upper Lehe Village. This translation reflects local residents’ cognition and memory of natural environments surrounding the village, carrying their yearning for wonderful life. The culture of local village is formed on the basis of the Bai culture and the fusion of the Han culture.
Key Words: Contracts; Lehechong; Bai Ethnic Group; scriptures; fieldwork; Minzu Museum of Minzu University of China
河南博物院藏辉县琉璃阁甲、乙二墓玻璃底片价值分析
Analysis on the Value of Glass Negatives about the Jia and Yi Tombs at Liulige of Huixian Collected in Henan Museum
崔晓琳
Cui Xiaolin
（河南博物院，郑州，450002）
（Henan Museum, Zhengzhou, 450002）
内容提要：河南辉县琉璃阁甲、乙二墓的发掘是20世纪初一次重要的考古发掘工作，相关的原始资料大多散佚。河南博物院现藏玻璃底片中有23张与河南辉县琉璃阁甲、乙二墓考古发掘工作有关，记录了这次考古发掘过程，弥补了相关历史文献的不足。这批玻璃底片图像清晰，弥足珍贵，不仅为后续的甲、乙二墓的学术研究提供了科学依据，还可据此追溯现在分散各地的二墓文物的源头，对研究河南博物院的院史亦有重要意义。
关键词：琉璃阁甲、乙二墓 玻璃底片 历史文献价值 学术研究价值 文物流转
Abstract: The archaeological excavation of Jia and Yi Tombs in Liulige, Huixian County, Henan Province was an important archaeological excavation in the early 20th century, and most of the relevant original materials were lost. The 23 glass negatives now collected in Henan Museum are clear and are among the few existing original materials of the project. As important historical image materials, they document the excavation in detail. By making up for the lack of relevant historical documents, they enrich the excavation materials of the two tombs and provide a scientific basis for the academic research work. Therefore, they have high historical document and academic value.
Key Words: Jia and Yi tombs at Liulige site; glass negatives; value of historical documents; value of academic research; circulating of cultural relics
中国“策展人”定义问题研究综述及启示
Literature Review and Implications: Definition of Chinese Museums’ Curator
黄莹莹
Huang Yingying
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：中国博物馆事业发展迅猛但尚未成熟，诸多制度早已发轫却未臻完善，其中尤以策展人制度的问题最为突出。究其根本，这与国内学界对策展人的角色内涵、责任范围和能力要求尚无明晰的共识不无关系。中国博物馆策展人诞生于我国博物馆原有体系和现实发展的间隙中，同艺术策展人既属同类又有区别，与西方“curator”职能相似但发源迥异，博物馆的内部差异也构成了这一身份不同的实践场景。因此，唯有打破学术概念与实践总结之间的隔膜，将策展人定义放置在中国博物馆的国别实际和历史发展的语境之中，考察方可确立行之有效的制度与培养体系，并超越定义本身探寻中国博物馆制度改革路径的走向。
关键词：策展人 策展人制度 流程/职责 中国语境
Abstract: The Chinese museums have developed rapidly but not been mature yet, in which numerous systems have been launched but not fully established with the typical example of “the system of curator ”. Essentially, it is highly relevant to the unclear consensus of the role, the responsibility as well as the capability of Chinese curator among domestic scholars. Chinese museum curator came into being between the original framework and developing situation of Chinese museums, that holds both distinctions and resemblance with art curator, have similar responsibilities but different derivation, and constitutes diverse practice patterns in various museums. Therefore, only when we remove the obstruction between academic concept and practical experience, and put the discussion of Chinese curator in the context of state history and situation, can we establish effective institution and talent-cultivation system, which would go beyond the definition itself to explore the future direction of Chinese museums’ reforms.
Key Words: Curator; curator system; flow path/responsibility; Chinese context
论博物馆在城市建设发展中的功能与作用
Study on Function and Effect of Museum in City Construction and Development
杨文英
Yang Wenying
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
(Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045)
内容提要：博物馆是人类社会发展到一定阶段的必然产物，是人类社会文明发展进步程度的重要标志。博物馆在发源的初始阶段，便与城市形成了紧密相关、相互影响、相互促进、共同提升的互动关系。实际上博物馆就是一座城市文化风采魅力的展示窗口，是一张动感、鲜活的城市名片。本文尝试从博物馆社会功能与作用的角度，论述博物馆在城市建设发展中的特殊积极作用，以引起大家更加关心和重视中国博物馆事业的发展。
关键词：城市建设 人文载体 终身课堂 文化服务 旅游资源
Abstract: Museums are the inevitable outcome of human society’s development to be a certain stage, and an important symbol of the progress of human civilization. At the initial stage, museums have formed an interactive relationship with cities that is closely related, mutually influencing, mutually promoting and jointly promoting. In fact, the museum is a window of a city’s cultural charm, is a dynamic and fresh name card of the city. This paper attempts to discuss the special positive role of museums in urban construction and development from the perspective of the social functions and functions of museums, aiming to arouse people’s more concern and attention to the development of Chinese museums.
Key Words: City construction; cultural carrier; classroom of study all self’s life; cultural services; tourism resources
记忆之场：博物馆叙事与展演——以伦敦帝国战争博物馆为例
Site of Memory: A Museum Narrative and Performance Case Study of the Imperial War Museum in London
杨晶 龚越
Yang Jing Gong Yue
（中国传媒大学，北京，100024）
（Communication University of China, Beijing, 100024）
内容提要：博物馆不仅是展品的展演场所，更是以材料、场所为支点，重新联结个体生命记忆和历史叙事的记忆之场。伦敦帝国战争博物馆一方面通过藏品的展示还原了战争中鲜活、生动的个体记忆，与传统的民族—国家历史集体叙事形成互动。另一方面，博物馆以场所内诸多要素和群体共同构成的记忆之场为支点，连接过去与现在的记忆。本文以伦敦帝国战争博物馆为例，从物质性、时间性、空间性三个角度，反思战争博物馆如何通过构建记忆之场超越民族—国家的宏大叙事，转而通过个体生命的记忆重新思考战争的本质。
关键词：记忆之场 个体记忆 身体记忆 对话 帝国战争博物馆
Abstract: Museums are not only places for the display of exhibits, but also places with materials, materials and places as fulcrum, reconnecting the memory of individual life and historical narrative. The Imperial War Museum in London, on the one hand, restores vivid individual memories of the war through the display of objects, and interacts with the traditional collective narrative of nation-state history. On the other hand, the museum hopes to realize the dialogue between the past and the present through the memory site composed of many elements and groups within the site as a fulcrum. Taking the Imperial War Museum as an example, this paper reflects on how the war museum transcends the grand narrative of nation-state by constructing the site of memory through three dimensions of materiality, timeliness and space, and then reconsiders the nature of war through the memory of individual life.
Key Words: Site of memory; individual memory; body memory; dialogue; Imperial War Museum
疫情下的展览交流与策划——孔子博物馆“亚洲文明展”侧记
Exhibition Exchange and Planning under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sidelight of Asian Civilization Exhibition in Confucius Museum
杨孝瑜
Yang Xiaoyu
（孔子博物馆，曲阜，273100）
（Confucius Museum, Qufu, 273100）
内容提要：“亚洲文明展”是新冠肺炎疫情常态化期间孔子博物馆举办的文物入境展。展览筹备后期适逢疫情来袭，增加了各种不确定性和层层困难。展览开幕后，疫情防控形势依然严峻，博物馆现场观众参观数量受限。面对特殊的社会大环境，孔子博物馆及时捕捉到了新的动向，充分运用“互联网+”时代的5G（第五代移动通讯）、VR、大数据等现代信息技术手段，通过“云对接”“云洽谈”“云展示”等方式，有效推进了展览策划工作的开展。采用“线上+线下”相融合的传播渠道，线上开展的“主播带你来看展”“展览直播讲解”等活动有效地扩大了展览的受众面，完善了展览作为传播教育载体的功能。
关键词：新冠肺炎疫情 展览交流 策划 传播 教育
Abstract: Asian Civilization Exhibition is an inbound exhibition of cultural relics held by Confucius Museum during the normalization of COVID-19. The late stage of the exhibition preparations coincided with the sudden attack of the epidemic, which added various uncertainties and difficulties to the exhibition. The situation of the epidemic remained severe, and the number of visitors to the museum site grows slowly. In the face of this specific social environment, Confucius Museum caught new trends in time, and made the best use of modern information technology such as 5G, VR, and big data in the Internet+ era, promoted the development of exhibition planning effectively through cloud docking, cloud negotiation, and cloud display methods. Adopting the integration of online+offline communication channels, online activities such as visit the exhibition with anchors, live exhibition and other activities have effectively expanded the audience of the exhibition and improved the education function of the exhibition as a carrier of communication.
Key Words: COVID-19; exhibition exchange; planning; spread; education
历史文献在展览中的再呈现：以“盛筵——见证《史记》中的大西南”为例
Representation of Historical Documents in Exhibitions: Taking the Grand Banquet: The Exhibition of Southwest Bronzes as an Example
王麒越
Wang Qiyue
（重庆中国三峡博物馆，重庆，400013）
（Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, Chongqing, 400013）
内容提要：“盛筵——见证《史记》中的大西南”作为历史主题类展览，从主题确定到展品的选择、内容文本设计、形式设计、宣教文创等系列工作都是紧密围绕《史记·西南夷列传》这篇文献展开的。本文从策展的角度对如何把展览与文献的融合做了深入的分析与解读，对相关展览具有一定的借鉴意义。
关键词：展览 历史文献 《史记》 融合
Abstract: For historical themes, works of Grand Banquet: The Exhibition of Southwest Bronzes were all carried out closely around biography of the ethnic groups in Southwest China in Records of the Grand Historian, such as topic determination, exhibits selection, content design, decorative design, promotion and cultural creation. It was a meaningful attempt to integrate exhibition and historical documents.
Key Words: Exhibition; historical documents; Records of the Grand Historian; integration
博物馆参与式公众项目开发理念与策略——基于美国克拉克艺术中心相关实践的思考
The Trends and Techniques of Developing Participatory Public Programs: Thoughts Based on the Relevant Practices of the Clark Art Institute
李颖翀
Li Yingchong
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：“参与式博物馆”的概念首先在美国诞生，并因顺应了近十年时代发展的趋势而迅速传播、影响广泛。实现参与式博物馆中的“参与”，馆方最具成效的途径便是开发参与式公众项目。美国教育界颇具声望的博物馆——克拉克艺术中心的实践表明，参与式公众项目的开发理念应为参与、享受、尊重和交流。博物馆要开发参与式公众项目应通过深度开发资源，降低观众参与门槛，馆内外力量联动，创造有利于这类项目开展的环境资源条件和专业力量条件，并在项目设计中注意以观众需求为导向，设置参与限制条件，创造共享型学习空间，提供高质量的学习成果。只有这样才能真正提高观众参与度和观众参与质量，进一步促进博物馆参与的实现，扩大博物馆影响力。
关键词：参与式博物馆 公众教育 参与限制条件 馆内外联动工作 克拉克艺术中心
Abstract: The concept of “participatory museum” first came into being in the United States, and it spread rapidly and had a wide influence because it conformed to the development trend in the past decade. The most effective way for museums to achieve participation is to develop participatory public programs. Based on the practices of the Clark Art Institute, a prestigious museum in American education, we can find out the core ideas behind the development and operation of the participatory public programs are participation, entertainment, respect and exchange. For this kind of programs, a museum should fully exploit learning resources, lower the threshold of audience participation, ensure smooth cooperation inside and outside the museum to create favorable conditions in environment, resource, professionalization. Further more, adopt appropriate ideas and strategies, like always keep the audience demands in mind, give scaffolding to audience in participation activities, create a shared learning space and produce successful outcomes, thus to truly improving the audience participation and further increasing the museum influence.
Key Words: Participatory museum; public education; scaffolding; cooperation inside and outside the museum; the Clark Art Institute
博物馆网站导览推荐路线初探
Preliminary Study on the Recommended Routes of Museum Websites
黄公达
Huang Gongda
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：随着互联网的普及，一些博物馆建立了官方网站以扩大博物馆的服务体验范围。本文以博物馆网站导览中的推荐路线为切入点，分析推荐路线的作用及分类，针对博物馆推荐路线的现状和问题，结合优秀案例提出设计推荐路线的参考策略，希望促使国内更多的博物馆网站关注推荐路线这一内容，进而提高对增强博物馆网站服务能力的重视。
关键词：博物馆网站 推荐路线 馆内导览 动态更新 国际化
Abstract: With the popularization of the Internet, many museums have set up official websites to expand the scope of the service experience. This article takes recommended routes on museum websites as the starting point, and analyzes their different categories and the respective functions of them. In view of the existing problems in the current stage, the paper puts forward several reference strategies for designing museums’ recommended routes, combined with excellent cases and hoping that more museums in China will pay more attention to recommended routes during the website construction, in order to raise museums’ awareness of enhancing the service capacity of their official websites.
Key Words: Museum website; recommended route; guide in museums; dynamic updating; internationalization
无线射频识别技术（RFID）在博物馆出境展览工作中的运用
Application of RFID Technology in Outbound Exhibitions of Museums
陈 莉
Chen Li
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433；南京博物院，南京，210016）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433; Nanjing Museum, Nanjing, 210016）
内容提要：在博物馆业务工作中，计算机信息技术、网络技术的应用必不可少。无线射频识别技术（RFID）作为一种现代化新技术，也被逐渐应用于博物馆的诸多领域。将其运用于博物馆出境展览工作将有助于降低博物馆出境随展人员的劳动强度，提高工作效率，给展品的安全再上一道锁。
关键词：出境展览 无线射频识别技术 精准定位 跟踪移动
Abstract: For the museum nowadays, the application of computer information technology, network technology and so on is essential. As a new technology, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has gradually come into use in many fields of museums. Utilizing it in outbound exhibitions will help reduce the labor intensity, improve the working efficiency and strengthen the safety of the exhibits in the future practice.
Key Words: Outbound exhibitions; RFID technology; accurate location; movement tracking
对我国中小型博物馆志愿者的思考——以山东省中小型博物馆为例
Reflections on Volunteers of Small- and Medium-sized Museums of China: Taking Shandong Province as an Example
马海真 刘新国
Ma Haizhen Liu Xinguo
（滨州市博物馆，滨州，256600）
（Binzhou Museum, Binzhou, 256600）
内容提要：全国博物馆达5788家，大部分为县市级中小型博物馆，随着博物馆事业的发展，中小型博物馆逐渐成长完善起来，成为地方公共文化服务体系的中坚力量。随着博物馆功能的多样化发展，志愿者队伍逐渐成为中小型博物馆的“必需品”。因为志愿者队伍不仅能缓解人员不足的问题，更重要的是为博物馆注入新鲜的理念，架起博物馆与观众之间的桥梁，让志愿者为博物馆发声，促进博物馆长足发展。
关键词：中小型博物馆 志愿者 思考
Abstract: There are 5788 museums in China, most of which are small-and medium-sized museums. These museums have gradually grown and become the backbone of the local public cultural service system. With the functions diversified developing, volunteer teams have gradually become a necessity for small-and medium-sized museums. Volunteer teams not only can slow down the problem of insufficient staff, but also inject fresh ideas into the museums, build a bridge between the museum and the audience, and let volunteers speak for the museum and promote the museum’s rapid development.
Key Words: Small- and medium-sized museums; volunteer; reflection