艺术的再创造
——关于展览形式设计的逆向性思考
Recreation of Art: Reverse Thinking of Exhibition’s Form Design
黄雪寅
Huang Xueyin
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：21世纪以来，中国博物馆事业飞速发展，陈列展览水平得到前所未有的提高。陈列展览数量空前增加，导致展览形式设计人员水平参差不齐，产生了许多需要解决和改善的展览问题。本文采用逆向性思考方式，对目前博物馆在展览形式设计上存在的问题进行思考和讨论，从十个方面问题的例证入手，梳理问题并引发行业思考，以期提升陈列展览设计水平，更好地服务大众。
关键词：艺术再创造 逆向性思考 展览形式设计 空间艺术 品牌设计
Abstract: Since the 21st century, China’s museums have developed rapidly, and the level of display and exhibition has been improved unprecedentedly. The unprecedented increase of exhibitions makes the design teams are uneven, and many exhibition problems need to be solved and improved. This paper adopts the way of reverse thinking to discuss the problems existing in the exhibition’s form design at present. Starting with the examples of the problems in ten aspects, this paper will sort out the problems and arouse the industry’s thinking to improve the level of exhibition design and serve the public preferably.
Key Words: Recreation of art; reverse thinking; exhibition’s form design; spatial art; brand design
试析考古发现类展览的新趋势与新方向
Analysis of New Trend and Direction of Exhibition on Archaeological Discovery
于 晖
Yu Hui
（中国妇女儿童博物馆，北京，100005）
（China National Museum of Women and Children, Beijing, 100005）
内容提要：近年来，考古发现类临时展览颇受博物馆和公众欢迎，这些展览的举办也在公众和考古之间架起了沟通的桥梁。文章通过梳理北京地区近期举办的考古发现类临时展览，总结这些展览在叙事结构、信息表达、主题策划等方面较之前此类展览所表现出的新趋势和新方向，指出博物馆需进一步运用适当的理论和方法增强此类展览的效果和水平。
关键词：考古发现 临时展览 信息传达 趋势方向
Abstract: In recent years, temporary exhibitions of archaeological finds have become very popular with museums and the public, and these exhibitions have been organized to bridge the gap between the public and archaeology. The article reviews recent temporary exhibitions of archaeological discoveries in Beijing and summarizes their narrative structure, information presentation, and the impact of the exhibition on the public. New trends and directions in thematic planning and other aspects of the exhibition, as compared to previous exhibitions of this kind, point to the need for further appropriate theoretical and methods to enhance the effectiveness and level of such exhibitions.
Key Words: Archaeological discovery; temporary exhibition; information presentation; trend and direction
1949—1966年中国博物馆女性从业者群体考察
On the Female Practitioners of China Museum from 1949 to 1966
徐 玲
Xu Ling
（郑州大学历史学院，郑州，450001）
（School of History, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001）
内容提要：作为中华人民共和国初期的重要公共文化机构，博物馆以独特方式留存了大量的时代文化印记。这一时期女性获得职业平等赋权的标识——博物馆女性从业者群体的形成，同样被留存在中国博物馆史上，为观察中华人民共和国初期博物馆文化发展和女性社会身份的变迁提供了一个特殊镜像。
关键词：中华人民共和国初期 博物馆女性从业者群体 女性社会身份 博物馆史
Abstract: As an important public cultural institution in the early period of the PRC, museums have preserved a large number of cultural traces of the times in a unique way. In this period, the symbol of women’s equal professional empowerment, the formation of museum female practitioners group, was also preserved in the museum history of the early period of the PRC, which provided a special mirror image for observing the development of museum culture and the change of women’s social identity in the early period of the PRC.
Key Words: The early period of the PRC; female practitioners of museum; women’s social identity; museum history
博物馆与城市形象
——试论博物馆建筑的标志性与功能性
Museums and City Image:
A Preliminary Discussion on the Symbolism and Functionality of Museum Architecture
孔 达
Kong Da
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：城市形象是衡量城市影响力与竞争力，乃至综合国力与国家软实力的重要因素。从20世纪70年代开始，将博物馆建筑打造为城市地标，成为西方国家以文化引领城市经济复兴的重要手段，至今在世界范围内依然流行。这为博物馆发展带来了前所未有的机遇，但也经常以牺牲博物馆收藏、展示、教育功能与公共服务质量为代价。城市形象塑造，不能仅将博物馆建筑当作一个工具，更需要发挥博物馆作为“文化中枢”的主体作用。只有充分尊重博物馆专业发展规律并调动博物馆塑造城市形象的能动性，才能实现博物馆与城市社会可持续发展。
关键词：博物馆建筑 城市形象 城市更新 城市地标
Abstract: The city image is an important factor to measure the influence and competitiveness of a city, as well as measure the comprehensive national strength and the soft power of a country. Since 1970s, museums designed as city landmarks have been widely utilized for urban regeneration in the West, which are still popular all over the world nowadays. This has provided unprecedented opportunities for museum development but is often at the expense of museums’ professional functioning including collecting, exhibiting, education and public services. Using museums to shape the city image should not only take the museum architecture as landmarks, but also fully explore the initiatives of museums as “culture hub”. Only when museum professionalism is fully respected and stimulated, can museums and urban society achieve sustainable development at the same time.
Key Words: Museum architecture; city image; urban regeneration; city landmarks
博物馆展览中文物阐释的多维视角
——以“山宗•水源•路之冲——一带一路中的青海”展为例
Multidimensional Perspectives on the Interpretation of Cultural Relics in Exhibitions:
Taking the Qinghai in the Belt and Road as an Example
倪 翀
Ni Chong
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：文物蕴含着多元、丰富的信息，在特定的展览语境下，构成阐释展览主题、传播美学、引起参观者共情、服务公共文化、推动学术等多方面的价值和意义。本文从博物馆展览的角度出发，运用博物馆学、文物学、诠释学、符号学等学科理论和方法，以首都博物馆举办的“山宗•水源•路之冲——一带一路中的青海”展为例，分析展览中文物的内涵和外延所起到的重要作用。
关键词：文物阐释 文物价值 公共知识 丝路交流
Abstract: Cultural relics with diverse and rich information, in the context of exhibitions, constitute an interpretation of the theme of the exhibition, disseminate aesthetics, arouse the empathy of visitors, serve public culture, promote academic and other aspects of value and significance. From the perspective of museum exhibitions, this paper uses the theories and methods of museology, heritage studies, hermeneutics and semiotics to analyze the important role of cultural relics in the connotation and extension of the exhibition, taking the Qinghai in the Belt and Road exhibition of the Capital Museum as an example.
Key Words: Interpretation of cultural relics; cultural relic’s value; public knowledge; exchange on the Silk Road
高校博物馆的展览与教育活动策划
——以香港教育大学香港教育博物馆专题展“再遇孔子”为例
The University Museum Exhibition and Education Program Planning: A Case Study on
Re-encountering Confucius Launched by Hong Kong Museum of Education of
The Education University of Hong Kong as an Example
刘 莉
Liu Li
（国家艺术基金管理中心，北京，100005）
（China National Arts Fund Management Center, Beijing, 100005）
内容提要：随着我国文化和教育事业的发展，高校博物馆建设方兴未艾，数量不断增加，社会影响力逐步扩大。高校博物馆作为大学附属机构，是大学教学科研和对外交流的重要平台。与此同时，作为博物馆行业的重要组成部分，高校博物馆面向公众开放，承担着公共文化服务的职能。如何在机遇和挑战并存的环境中寻找发展空间，提升专业水平，发挥社会效益，是高校博物馆管理运营需要关注的问题。香港教育大学下辖香港教育博物馆策划了专题展“再遇孔子”时开拓展品来源、连结社区、内外合力，提升公众参与度和社会影响力，为其他高校博物馆提供了借鉴。
关键词：高校博物馆 再遇孔子 展品来源 教育活动 连结社区
Abstract: With the cultural and educational reformation and development in China in recent years, the university museums are booming and becoming more influence to society. As the university’s subsidiary, university museum is an important platform for study and communication, meanwhile, as a sort of museums, it should open to all and offer cultural services to the public. This essay will take the thematic exhibition named Re-encountering Confucius launched by Hong Kong Museum of Education of The Education University of Hong Kong as example to explore the university museum how to utilize resources, link with communities, engage the public and enhance social impact on exhibition and education program planning to improve its sustainable development.
Key Words: University museum; Re-encountering Confucius; exhibits source; education program; links to the community
书画技术复制品鉴别研究
Research on the Identification of the Technical Copies of Painting and Calligraphy
王 赫
Wang He
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：随着科学技术的发展，出现了许多有别于传统纯人工方式制作的书画复制品。这些运用技术手段制作的书画复制品使基于目鉴的传统书画鉴定方式受到了挑战。通过梳理珂罗版复制、木版水印复制、数字喷绘复制三种典型技术复制的工艺流程，分析相应技术复制品的典型特征，可以为收藏、展示、保护、研究提供具有可操作性的鉴别手段。
关键词：珂罗版 木版水印 数字喷绘 书画复制品鉴别
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, there are many copies of painting and calligraphy which are different from the traditional manual production. These technical reproductions challenge the traditional method of identification based on the vision. The technological process of three typical replication technologies, i.e. collotype replication, wood-block printing replication and digital ink-jet replication, is sorted out, and then the typical characteristics of the corresponding technical replicas are discussed, in order to provide operable identification means for the relevant collection, display, protection and research.
Key Words: Collotype; wood-block printing; digital ink-jet painting; identification of painting and
calligraphy replica
唐卡《智行佛母》无酸文物保存盒制作探究
Acid-free Cultural Relic Storage Box for Thangka Kurukulla
张 佳
Zhang Jia
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：以笔绘唐卡《智行佛母》为例，为故宫博物院藏笔绘唐卡进行了现代无酸瓦楞纸板保存盒设计制作。设计内容包括唐卡托盘和唐卡外盒，二者结合设计出便于这类唐卡文物平铺保存、运输的包装方案。这种保存盒在有限的库房环境与运输环境下，可以有效保持唐卡的微环境稳定。
关键词：无酸保存盒 笔绘唐卡 《智行佛母》 保存托盘 外盒
Abstract: Acid-free corrugated cardboard storage box design for painted Thangkas was carried out with thangka Kurukulla. Design content includes the tray and the outer box. This program is suitable for the flat storage of thangka. In the limited warehouse environment, it can also ensure the stability of thangka’s micro-environment.
Key Words: Acid-free storage box; painted thangka; Kurukulla; tray for preservation; outer box
浅析馆藏壁画修复的可再处理性
Analysis on Retreatability in the Restoration of Wall Paintings in Collections
刘轩成
Liu Xuancheng
（首都师范大学历史学院，北京，100089）
（School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100089）
内容提要：可再处理性是选择保护工艺和材料的重要指导原则，这为文物的再次保护提供了条件，也使得修复中出现的失误能够得到妥当处理。文章回顾了可再处理原则（可逆原则）的发展过程，以馆藏壁画修复为例介绍了加固、表面保护、粘接过程中的可再处理性及相应措施。
关键词：文物保护 壁画 可再处理性原则 眩光现象
Abstract: Retreatability is an important guiding principle for the selection of conservative materials and processes. This provides conditions for the re-protection of cultural relics, and enables the mistakes in the restoration to be properly handled. Reviewing the development of the principle of retreatability (principle of reversibility), this paper introduces the retreatability and corresponding measures in the process of reinforcement, sealing and bonding, by taking the restoration of wall painting in collections as an example.
Key Words: Conservation; wall painting; retreatability; glare phenomenon
几种考古出土漆木器用防霉剂的筛选与评估
Selection and Evaluation of Several Fungicides for Archaeological Unearthed Lacquerware
何秋菊1 许璇1 张雪鸽1 李健1 赵国柱2
He Qiuju1 Xu Xuan1 Zhang Xuege1 Li Jian1 Zhao Guozhu2
（1. 首都博物馆保护科技与传统技艺研究部，“北京文博文物科技保护研究与运用”北京市重点实验室，北京，100045；
2. 北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院，北京，100083）
（1. Department of Conservation Technology and Ttraditional Skills, Key Laboratory of Beijing Cultural Relics and
Museums Sci-tec Protection Research and Application, Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045;
2. College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083）
内容提要：漆木器出土后需要进行保湿处理，但高湿环境容易滋生霉菌，威胁漆木器安全。本研究通过形态学观察及真菌ITS rDNA基因序列比对分析、鉴定了高湿环境下保存的北方地区出土半饱水漆木器的霉菌种属，通过出土木材样块、模拟漆糊以及PDA培养基上的防霉试验对比了Rocima342（二氯辛基异噻唑啉酮）、纳米银离子、新洁尔灭和达克宁4种防霉剂的抑菌效果，筛选出了防霉效果显著的防霉剂。实验结果表明，漆木器主要霉菌种属为木霉，还有少量青霉、弯孢霉、白腐菌。0.5%二氯辛基异噻唑啉酮的杀灭、抑制霉菌繁殖效果显著，在潮湿环境下不易流失，对漆膜颜色影响小，有效期可达30天以上，根据漆木器保护现场观测抑菌有效期可达两个月以上。达克宁防霉效果次之，但达克宁抗流失效果较差。
关键词：出土漆木器 高湿环境 霉菌 防霉 二氯辛基异噻唑啉酮 达克宁
Abstract: Lacquerware needed to be preserved in a high humidity environment after it was unearthed. But it was prone to get mildew, threatening the safety of lacquerware. In this study, morphological observation and ITS rDNA gene sequence analysis were used to identify the fungal species of semi-saturated lacquerware unearthed in northern areas. The antifungal effects of four antifungal agents, which including Rocima342 (dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone), nano silver ions, benzalkonium bromide and daktarin, were compared on the unearthed wood samples, simulated paint paste and PDA medium. The test results showed that the main fungi species was trichoderma, there were a small amount of penicillium, curvularia, and white rot fungi. The performance of 0.5% dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone on killing and inhibiting the propagation of mold was remarkable, it was not easy to lost efficacy in humid environment, and it had little influence on the color of the painting, and the effective period could reach more than 30 days. According to the on-site observation of lacquerware conservation, the antibacterial validity period could reach more than two months. Besides the daktarin was the second one, but the anti-loss effect was poor.
Key Words: Unearthed lacquerware; high humidity environment; mildew; mildewproof; Rocima342; daktarin
故宫博物院藏铜镀金嵌珐琅升降塔问乐钟的
保护与相关研究
Conservation and Research of the Ancient Lifting Tower Clock in the Palace Museum
杨晓晨
Yang Xiaochen
（故宫博物院，北京，100009）
（The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：铜镀金嵌珐琅升降塔问乐钟是一件清代乾隆年间中国广东生产的升降塔式钟表。其外观构件以铜鎏金材料为主，兼以多处广珐琅配合铜版画进行装饰。但各处积灰十分严重，需要全面拆卸后对零件进行清理。试上弦时，发现升降功能基本完好，因经年未用，安装调试时需进行一定的调整。按照修复方案，依次对牙雕童子像、走时机芯、升降问乐机芯、上部塔身进行了清理、保护，补配了牙雕佛像，并对升降塔进行了整体安装调试，恢复了钟表的走时功能、升降塔功能、问乐功能，使其具备了转入库房保护或参加展览的条件。
关键词：铜镀金嵌珐琅升降塔问乐钟 牙雕童子像 走时机芯 升降问乐机芯 释放发条弹性
Abstract: This repeater clock with lifting tower was produced in Guangdong, China during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Its exterior components are mostly made of gilt brass and decorated with Canton cloisonné enamels and brass engravings. The clock has serious dust accumulation in various places, and the parts need to be cleaned after a complete disassembly. After winding the clock, it was found that the lifting function was basically intact. As it has not been used for many years, adjustments need to be made during subsequent installation and commissioning. According to the restoration plan, the clock tower base, the ivory boy statue, the movements for clock hands, lifting and repeater chiming mechanism and the upper tower body were cleaned and conserved in turn. The ivory Buddha statue was supplemented, and the lifting tower was installed. After the overall installation, the functions of timekeeping, lifting tower and repeater were restored, so that it can be conserved in the storage or displayed in the exhibition.
Key Words: Repeater clock with lifting tower; the ivory boy statue; the movements for clock hands; lifting and repeater chiming mechanism; release spring elasticity