试论太原永祚寺东塔始建的社会背景
Discussion on the Social Background of the Construction of the East Tower of
Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan
李庆玲
Li Qingling
（晋祠博物馆，太原，030025）
（Jinci Museum, Taiyuan, 030025）
内容提要：太原永祚寺东塔建成400余年。长期以来，在建筑史中人们常把东塔、西塔及永祚寺的修建、布局和功能都混为一体，而在本地也习惯称永祚寺为双塔寺。1997年，在对东塔实施维修加固工程时，于塔顶铸铁刹座上，发现有两处铭文。本文根据铭文及历史资料，对东塔的建造年代、建造原因、东塔与寺院（包括西塔）的关系、始建的社会背景等方面进行了探讨。使人们清晰了解东塔在历史、文化及功能等方面的本来面目，廓清了多种混淆的说法。
关键词：东塔 宣文塔 永祚寺 堪舆 缙绅学士
Abstract: The East Tower of Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan has been built for more than 400 years. For a long time, the construction, layout and functions of the East Tower, the West Tower and Yongzuo Temple have been mixed in the history of architecture. Also they are habitually called the Twin Towers Temple. When the maintenance and reinforcement project was carried out on the East Tower in 1997, two inscriptions were found on the top cast iron brake base. Based on the inscriptions and historical data, this paper discusses the construction age of the East Tower, the reasons for its construction, the relationship between the East Tower and the temple (including the West Tower), and the social background. The original appearance of the East Tower in terms of history, culture and function has been clearly defined, and various confusions have been clarified.
Key Words: East Tower; Xuan Wen Tower; Yongzuo Temple; geomancy; the gentry
浙江金华万佛塔出土鎏金铜水月观音像研究
——兼谈水月观音图像的演变
Research on Gold-Plated Bronze Sitting Statue of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara Unearthed from Jinhua Wanfo Pagoda in Zhejiang Province: The Evolution of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara Image
张 萌
Zhang Meng
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：浙江金华万佛塔出土的鎏金铜水月观音像在美术史上有着重要的意义，对研究水月观音图像的发展、变异提供了一个关键的样式线索。本文通过论证，认为：此像为五代十国时期吴越国造像，吴越国存续时期正是这类图像多样发展时期，入宋之后水月观音形象趋于固定，而吴越国首先出现的这种游戏坐姿的造型成为其最常见形象之一。
关键词：万佛塔 吴越国 水月观音 图像 五代十国
Abstract: The Gold-Plated Bronze Sitting Statue of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara unearthed from Jinhua Wanfo Pagoda in Zhejiang province is important in art history, which provide a key pattern clue to the research of development and variation of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara image. This statue was made from Wu-Yue Kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The diversity of this kind of design is developed during the period of Wu-Yue Kingdom. The design of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara tend to be fixed after Song Kingdom established. This kind of Game Sitting Statue is first appeared in Wu-Yue Kingdom and finally become the most common pattern of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara.
KeyWords: Wanfo Pagoda; Wu-Yue Kingdom; Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara; images; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
《宋故谏议方公墓志铭》新证
New Research on Song Fang Shenyan Epitaph
赵 磊
Zhao Lei
（广州海事博物馆，广州，510700）
（Guangzhou Maritime Museum, Guangzhou, 510700）
内容提要：薛彦乔先生有《北宋广州知州兼劝农市舶使方慎言墓志铭初考》一文，考证宋代广州知州方慎言一生行止。文中所涉及的《宋故谏议方公墓志铭》现藏于广州海事博物馆。该墓志铭由慎言侄方偕撰文，子方苹书写，以及后进宋宜、林稹等多人分工操办，文、书、刻、篆俱佳，内中详载了慎言的家世、仕宦、政声等，具有较高的史料价值。方慎言是莆田“长史派”方氏的代表人物，自28岁登进士第后，40余年间辗转信丰、兰溪、福州、建州、泉州、徐州、达州、两浙、潭州等地，历任知县、通判、侍御史、转运使、知州等职。69岁时，方慎言因为政练达、政声卓著，获任广州知州兼市舶使，最终卒于任上。此次任职，揭示了北宋王朝选用重臣的标准，也体现了中央朝廷对于海外贸易的重视。
关键词：方慎言 广州 知州 市舶使 《宋故谏议方公墓志铭》
Abstract: Song Fang Shenyan Epitaph is collected in Guangzhou Maritime Museum. The tomb owner Fang Shenyan once was the chief magistrate and the city ship officer. This epitaph was written by Fang Shenyan’s niece Fang Xie and copied down by his son Fang Ping. His younger generations, such as Song Yi, Lin Zhen, and so on, work with a due division of labour, to make the epitaph remarkable in the content, copy, and engraving. The epitaph has a high value of historical materials because of the content of the details of his family, official experience, reputation, etc. Fang Shenyan is the representative of Fang’s in Putian Long History Group. After he got the Scholar of Jin Shi in his 28, he passed through Xinfeng, Lanxi, Fuzhou, Jianzhou, Quanzhou, Xuzhou, Dazhou, Liangzhe, Tanzhou, etc. During that time, he assumed the office of transhipment envoy, magistrate, etc. Because of his prominent political experience, he got the position of Guangzhou’s chief magistrate and the city ship officer in his 69, and finally died in term of office. This appointment, revealing the standard of choosing important officials in Northern Song Dynasty, and showing that the central government paid great attention on Guangzhou’s overseas trade.
Key Words: Fang Shenyan; Guangzhou; the chief magistrate; City ship officer; Song Fang Shenyan Epitaph
山东沂南画像石墓墓主问题研究述评
A Review of the Study on the Owners of the Stone Relief Tombs in Yi’nan,
Shandong Province
郎咸东
Lang Xiandong
（济南市考古研究所，济南，250014）
（The Archaeology Institute of Jinan City, Jinan, 250014）
内容提要：沂南画像石墓是汉代画像石墓的典型代表，墓内各类千奇百怪的画像石，令世人震惊。沂南画像石墓地处山东南部，该地区画像石墓的墓葬形制十分成熟，画像题材丰富多彩，是画像石较早的发源地之一。本文梳理了以往学界关于沂南画像石墓墓主问题的研究成果，对墓葬年代和墓主身份提出了自己的看法：在建墓年代这一问题上，较为认同发掘报告指出的“东汉晚期”这一推断；由于考古资料有限，其墓主究竟为谁，尚不能确定，但为年俸在二千石以上的官吏，当属无疑。
关键词：汉代画像石墓 墓主 建造年代 攻战图 出行图 沂南地区
Abstract: Yi’nan Han Dynasty stone relief tomb is a typical representative, yielded strange visions clusters of various types of stone portraits, which shocked the world. Yi’nan Han Dynasty stone relief tomb is located in the southern region of Shandong province, where is the earliest birthplace of the stone relief. Its colorful portrait of mature themes and graves confirmed this point. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the previous academic research results on the issue of stone relief tomb owners in Yi’nan, and puts forward its own views on the burial age and the identity of the tomb owners. On the question of the age of the tomb, this paper, through research, agrees with the inference of Late Eastern Han pointed out in the excavation report. As for the owner of the tomb, due to limited archaeological data, it is still uncertain who was the owner of the tomb. But surely there is no doubt for officials whose annual salaries are above two thousand dan (石).
Key Words: The stone relief tomb; the owner of tomb; the age of tomb; fighting scene; excursion scene; Yi’nan
试论博物馆委外经营的业务分割
——以我国台湾地区和韩国的博物馆为例
Analysis on Business Divide of Public-private-partnership of State-owned Museum:
A Case Study on Museum of Taiwan Province and Korea
丁一哲
Ding Yizhe
（中国闽台缘博物馆，泉州，350500）
（China Museum for Fujian-Taiwan Kinship, Quanzhou, 350500）
内容提要：博物馆委外经营解决的是政府资金短缺和事业活性不足的问题，然而因业务分割不清、责任不明产生的博物馆权威性受挑战、娱乐化严重和博物馆各部门相互推诿等问题在博物馆委外过程中日益凸显。本文将结合台湾海洋生物博物馆、台湾科学教育馆和韩国国立海洋博物馆的委外经营案例来分析运营商、博物馆双方在博物馆工作中的业务分割与合作以期未来为我国大陆博物馆在委外经营中能准确把握博物馆属性和使命，明确自身的业务范围，发挥博物馆与企业各自的优势，形成合力，共同促进博物馆发展。
关键词：博物馆 运营商 委外经营 业务分割
Abstract: Public-private-partnership of state-owned museum is aimed at dealing with the shortage of government-funds and the tack of vitality in enterprise. The museum, however, faces the challenges like devolution of authority, severe entertaining as well as the mutual shuffling between its public and private sections during the progress of public-private-partnership owing to its vague business allotting and duties. The thesis based on the samples of Taiwan Marine Museum, Taiwan Science Education Center and National Maritime Museum in Korea, with analysis on their concrete business divide and cooperation. Studying these samples is to figure out the property and mission of the public-private-partnership of state-owned museum in Chinese mainland, to specify the line of business, to show the advantages of public and private departments, and to form the situation that both public and private sections could contribute to the museum business.
Key Words: Museum; operator; public-private-partnership of state-owned; business divide
再探博物馆学习支持系统的设计
The Exploration of the Design of the Museum Learning Support System
许书静 李志河
Xu Shujing Li Zhihe
（山西师范大学教育科学学院，临汾，041000）
（College of Education Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000）
内容提要：当前，场馆学习成为人们进行非正式学习的重要形式，博物馆、科技馆等场馆的教育功能逐渐受到重视，成为学校学生学习的第二课堂。教育信息化的不断推进以及人工智能、大数据等多种信息技术的逐步发展，拓宽了博物馆发挥其教育功能的渠道。本文基于场馆非正式学习特点及影响因素，进一步设计和完善了博物馆学习支持系统的体系架构及功能，探讨了以学习者为中心的博物馆学习支持系统的两种应用模式。通过系统的使用能够为学习者提供个性化和有效参观体验，促进人们对历史、文物等知识的深度理解和学习，提高博物馆学习中非正式学习的学习效果。
关键词：博物馆学习 学习支持系统 虚实融合 功能设计 应用模式
Abstract: At present, venue learning has become an important form of informal learning, the educational functions of the museums, technology museums and other venues have gradually been attached importance and they are also the second class for school students. The continuous advances of educational informationization and the stepwise developments of various information technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data have broadened the channels for museums to give play to their educational functions. Based on the characteristics and influencing factors of informal learning in venues, this paper further designs and improves the architecture and functions of learning support system in museums, and discusses two application modes of learner-centered learning support system in museums. It can provide personalized and effective visiting experience for learners, promote people’s in-depth understanding and learning of history, cultural relics and other knowledge, and improve the learning effects of informal learning in museum learning by using the system.
Key Words: Museum learning; learning support system; virtual-real fusion; functional design; application mode
馆校合作视域下博物馆课程资源开发的实现路径
The Way to Realize the Development of Museum Curriculum Resources from the Perspective
of Collaborations Between Museums and Schools
赵菁
Zhao Jing
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：新课程改革中课程资源得到前所未有的重视，以博物馆为代表的校外课程资源为健全人格的学生培养提供了支持，为学生顺应社会发展需求提供了广阔的实践空间。但实践中出现了教师课程开发意识不够和教师因缺乏开发博物馆课程资源的技能技巧，而使博物馆课程资源的功能和价值未能被充分利用起来等问题。厘清博物馆课程资源的概念，明确开发范围，总结博物馆藏品课程化转换的方法，推动教师利用博物馆课程资源意识的提升将有助于馆校资源更好地融合。
关键词：博物馆教育 馆校合作 博物馆课程资源开发 5R方法 教师
Abstract: In the new curriculum reform, curriculum resources have received unprecedented attention. Museum is the representative of off-campus curriculum resources and the museums curriculum resources provide support for the cultivation of students with sound personality. Meanwhile, the museum provides a wide space for students to meet the needs of social development. But in practice, teachers’ awareness of curriculum development is not enough. Due to the lack of teachers’ skills in developing museum curriculum resources, the function and value of museum curriculum resources have not been fully utilized. We need clarify the concept of museum curriculum resources and define the scope of development and summarizes the methods of curriculum transformation of museum collections. The promotion of teachers’ awareness of using museum curriculum resources will contribute to better integration of museum and school resources.
Key Words: Museum education; collaborations between museums and schools; museum curriculum resources development; 5R; teacher
不列颠博物院三种虚拟博物馆形态及对我国博物馆的影响
Three Virtual Exhibitions of the British Museum Have a Creative
Influence on Chinese Museums
王琪
Wang Qi
（北京绿岩石科技发展有限公司，北京，100024）
（Beijing Green Rock Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100024）
内容提要：本文以不列颠博物院的三个不同的线上虚拟博物馆项目为例，根据其独立程度分为克隆型虚拟馆、重组型虚拟馆、完全型虚拟馆三类；探讨了从再现实体博物馆到扩展实体博物馆，再到自成体系的虚拟博物馆设计理念发展；并从策展、实施、适用性等方面对这三类虚拟博物馆进行了对比分析。
关键词：不列颠博物院 克隆型虚拟馆 重组型虚拟馆 完全型虚拟馆 发展趋势
Abstract: Taking cloned virtual museum, reconstructed virtual museum and completed virtual museum three different online virtual museums of the British Museum as examples, this paper explores the development of design concepts from reproducing physical museums to expanding physical museums to self-contained virtual museums. According to the independence of virtual museum, three classifications are proposed. The three types of virtual museums are compared and analyzed in terms of curatorial, implementation and applicability.
Key Words: British Museum; cloned virtual museum; reconstructed virtual museum; completed virtual museum; development trend
用光场技术实现虚拟漫游展览
——以上海博物馆为例
The Implementation of Virtual Roaming Exhibition with Light Field Technology:
A Case Study of Shanghai Museum
高玥珺
Gao Yuejun
（上海博物馆，上海，200003）
（Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, 200003）
内容提要：光场技术在三维重建场景上有着无可比拟的优势，通过采集光线的方向和能量，经过渲染计算就能在数字世界还原现实场景。这一技术的发展成为博物馆创建在线虚拟漫游系统更加先进的手段。文章以上海博物馆“大英博物馆百物展：浓缩的世界史”重建虚拟漫游展厅为例，说明了应用光场技术重建在线展览的优势：通过采集各展厅的光场数据，来创建出永不闭幕的在线展览，打破时间和空间的限制，给观众身临其境的观展体验，为博物馆数字化建设提供更多新创意。随着科技的发展，未来光场技术在博物馆的应用必将得到更加深入的发展。
关键词：光场技术 虚拟漫游 在线展览 “大英博物馆百物展：浓缩的世界史”
Abstract: The light field technology has the incomparable advantage in three-dimensional reconstruction. By collecting the energy and direction of light, the real scene can be rebuilt in digital world with the rendering algorithm. The development of this technology has provided a lot of help for the building of online virtual roaming system in museums. Taking the online virtual roaming application of Shanghai Museum as an example, the everlasting online exhibition will be built by collecting the light field data from each exhibition hall. It will give the visitors a total immersion visiting experience without the limitation of time or space. And it also provides new ideas for the digital construction of museums. With the development of technology, the light field technology will be more and more developed in application for museums in the future.
Key Words: Light field technology; virtual roaming; online exhibition; A History of the World in 100 Objects from the British Museum
做好照明升级改造工程，让古建类博物馆更加亮丽
——以北京文博交流馆为例
Upgrading and Reconstructing the Lighting Project, Show the Beauty of
Ancient Architecture Museum:
Taking Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum as an Example
杨薇
Yang Wei
（北京文博交流馆，北京，100010）
（Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum, Beijing, 100010）
内容提要：北京文博交流馆是以智化寺为馆址的古建类博物馆，为满足游客需求，提升参观的品质，2017年完成了古建筑室内展厅和室外院落的灯光照明改造工程。通过室内外适度的灯光照明，展现出文物细节，体现了古建之美，让文物活起来，让古建亮起来，让博物馆生动起来，也为开展博物馆夜间文化活动提供了保障。本文以北京文博交流馆为例，探讨古建类博物馆开展灯光照明改造工程的新思路。
关键词：古建类博物馆 北京文博交流馆 照明技术 升级改造 “让文物活起来”
Abstract: Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum is constructed on the Zhihua Temple, in order to meet the needs of travelers and improve the quality of the exhibition, we have completed this project to addition the assistant illumination in the exhibition hall and outdoor lighting in 2017. After this project, we can see more details on cultural relics and show the beauty of ancient architecture, make the museum more lively and more interesting, also provide a guarantee for the Museum cultural activities in the night. This paper takes Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum as an example, to discuss and puts forward the thinking on illumination in this museum which constructed on ancient building.
Key Words: Museums in ancient buildings; Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum; lighting technology; upgrade and reconstruct; make cultural relics alive
广东海上丝绸之路博物馆环境空气腐蚀性污染调查报告
Investigation Report on Corrosive Air Pollution in Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong
耿 苗
Geng Miao
（广东海上丝绸之路博物馆，阳江，529536）
（Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Yangjiang, 529536）
内容提要：广东海上丝绸之路博物馆（以下简称海丝馆）地处海岛，常年处于高湿、高温、高盐的大气环境中，这对文物的安全保存极为不利。为了解掌握海丝馆内环境污染腐蚀状态，本研究利用美国Purafil公司研发的腐蚀试片检测技术，在海丝馆库房、展厅、沉船遗址区等进行了为期30天的测试实验；同时运用离子色谱法对馆内空气阴离子含量进行了测定。数据显示，海丝馆内空气处于高浓度的酸性腐蚀性气体环境中，这严重威胁各类材质文物的长期安全保存，应采取有效手段改善文物保护环境，为文物创造稳定的保存条件。
关键词：博物馆微环境 广东海上丝绸之路博物馆 腐蚀试片检测技术 “南海I号” 离子色谱法
Abstract: Located on Hailing island, the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong (referred to as Haisi Museum) undergoes the atmospheric environment of high humidity, high temperature and high salt. These environmental conditions are usually considered as greatly hazardous towards the preservation of cultural relics in Haisi Museum. In order to understand the pollution and corrosion state of the museum, this study used the corrosion test piece detection technology developed by Purafil company of the United States to conduct a 30-day test in the museum premises, such as warehouses, exhibition halls, and the shipwreck site area. This study also used ion chromatography to test the air anion content in Haisi Museum. The data analysis shows that Haisi Museum is exposed in an atmosphere with a high concentration of acid corrosive gas that is detrimental to cultural relics made of different materials. It is vital that effective measures are taken to rectify the situation.
Key Words: Microenvironment in museum; Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong; the corrosion test piece detection technology; Nanhai I; ion chromatography
浅析我国博物馆文创发展对策
——以北京故宫博物院和台北故宫博物院为例
The Development Strategy of Museum Creation Industry in China: Based on the Competition
Analysis of Cultural and Creative Works of the Palace Museums in Beijing and Taipei
李 韦
Li Wei
（上海信谊万象药业股份有限公司，上海，201601）
（Shanghai Sine Wanxiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201601）
内容提要：博物馆文创行业是随着文创产业发展而延伸的新兴行业，是博物馆突破仅依托展品来弘扬文化的窠臼而创造出的新模式，是其门票之外的新收入点。同时，博物馆文创既依托于博物馆和藏品本身的文化意蕴，又具有当代设计所赋予的功能性和创意。我国大陆博物馆文创行业整体的发展水平远落后于国外与台湾地区，但近年来，以北京故宫博物院、中国国家博物馆为首的博物馆皆开启了文创衍生品的开发道路并有所成就。文章运用SWOT分析法，讨论了北京故宫博物院与台北故宫博物院文创的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，并在此基础上提出对国内博物馆文创的发展建议。
关键词：博物馆文创 北京故宫博物院 台北故宫博物院 波特五力模型 SWOT
Abstract: Museum creation industry is a new industry that extends along with the development of cultural and creative industries. It is a new way to carry forward the culture by exhibits, and win the new profit point of museums. At the same time, museum creation has its unique attraction compared with other types of creative products: it relies on both the cultural implication of museums and collections, and the functionality and creativity that contemporary design gives. The development of China’s mainland museum industry is far behind that of overseas and Taiwan. But in recent years, museums built by the Palace Museum and China National Museum have opened up the development path of cultural and creative derivatives and
made achievements. This article discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Palace Museum and Taipei Palace Museum. On the base of the discussion, the author offers proposal of cultural and creative industry.
Key Words: Museum creative works; the Palace Museum; Taipei Palace Museum; Michael Porter five force model; SWOT
稚女童儿，冠笄未备
——读王子今教授《插图秦汉儿童史》
Review of Professor Wang Zijin’s Illustrated History of Children in Qin and Han Dynasties
李兰芳
Li Lanfang
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：王子今教授新著《插图秦汉儿童史》以儿童的年龄阶段为线索，描绘了其出生、学前游戏、接受童蒙教育、参与劳作甚至参军为吏、夭折为鬼的生命历程，展示了儿童医学、娱乐、教育以及儿童与政治、风俗、民间信仰等社会生活相关的各个面相。作者运用了传世文献、出土文献、考古文物等丰富的资料，特别是构建了一座秦汉儿童文物资料的宝库。这部著作精妙的文字论述与直观的文物图片相得益彰，是中国古代儿童史研究领域的重要成果。
关键词：《插图秦汉儿童史》 儿童史 画像石
Abstract: Professor Wang Zijin’s new book Illustrated History of Children in Qin and Han Dynasties has been published. This book takes the age of the children as a clue, describes the life course of birth, preschool games, childhood education and participation in labor, even joining the army as an official, death and becoming a ghost. It shows children’s medicine, children’s entertainment, children’s education and children’s social life related to politics, customs, folk beliefs and other aspects. The author uses rich historical materials, such as handed-down documents, unearthed documents, archaeological relics and so on, especially builds a treasure house of Qin and Han children’s cultural relics. Excellent writing and objective pictures complement each other. This book is an important achievement in the research field of children’s history during ancient China.
Key Words: Illustrated History of Children in Qin and Han Dynasties; the history of children; stone relief