战国中山国度量衡及相关问题
Research on Weights and Measures from Zhongshan State of the Warring States Period
徐文英
Xu Wenying
（河北省文物研究所，石家庄，050031）
（Research Institute of Cultural Relics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031）
内容提要：中山国是战国时期各诸侯国中由北方游牧民族——鲜虞族建立的国家，其实力仅次于七个万乘之国，在列国争强中扮演了相当重要的角色。度量衡是一切国家制度的基本标准，是关乎国计民生的重要技术手段。通过对战国中山国度量衡综合、全面的考察，以及与其他诸侯国度量衡的比较研究，可以发现中山国度量衡具有重要的社会意义。作为社会制度的组成部分，度量衡对国家机器的正常运转发挥了巨大作用。这不仅可以弥补以往学界研究的某些不足，而且对研究中山国经济、政治方面的相关问题颇有裨益。
关键词：战国 中山国 度量衡
Abstract:In the Warring States Period, Zhongshan State was the only one established by Xianyu minority,which has powerful position among the states. It managed for many years to hold its own among the majorstates and played a crucial role in the history of the Warring States Period. The weights and measures were thebasic standard of all national system and important technological means for the economy. This paper makes acomprehensive investigation on the weights and measures of Zhongshan State and a comparative study withother states. It can be found that the social signifcance of being an important component of social systemand effects on the operation of the state. The study of weights and measures benefts the study of the society,economy and politics of Zhongshan State, meanwhile it helps flling some gaps of previous academic researchresults.
Key Words:The Warring States Period; Zhongshan State; weights and measures
解析库车提克买克墓地出土的天珠
Analyze the Gzi Unearthed from Tikemaker Cemetery in Kuqa
戴君彦1 阮秋荣2
Dai Junyan1 Ruan Qiurong2
（1. 北京文博文化事业发展研究中心，北京，100717；
2. 新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所，乌鲁木齐，830011）
（1. Beijing Cultural Development Research Center, Beijing, 100717;
2. Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi, 830011）
内容提要：新疆库车提克买克墓地考古发掘出土了三颗战国至西汉时期的天珠，本文借助光学显微镜等工具对这些天珠进行了细部的微观观察，然后结合相关科学理论合理推导出它们的制作工艺，进而运用“微痕考古”的方法探讨研究了它们在墓葬中埋藏了两千多年后发生的次生变化及成因。受玉髓质珠体的物理化学性状及埋藏环境的影响，每颗珠子的受沁现象都纷繁复杂，各沁像之间具有一定的系统规律性，并有着直接或间接的因果关系。
关键词：天珠 受沁 风化 玉髓 蚀花工艺
Abstract:This paper has carried out detailed microscopic observations on three Gzi beads in Warring States and Han Dynasty which unearthed in the archaeological excavation of Tikemaker Cemetery in Kuqa,Xinjiang, with the aid of optical microscopes and tools, and then reasonably derived them, in conjunction with relevant scientifc theories, the production techniques, and then the use of “micro-marking archaeology”method to explore the secondary changes and causes of their burial in the tombs more than two thousand years. Affected by the physical and chemical traits of chalcedony beads and the burial environment, the seeped phenomenon of each bead is complicated, and the seeped phenomenon has certain systematic regularity and direct or indirect causality.
Key Words:Gzi; alteration of jades; weathering; chalcedony; flower erosion techniques
唐李丕墓志考释
Textural Research on the Li Pi’s Epitaph of Tang Dynasty
鲁晓帆
Lu Xiaofan
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：该墓志清代乾隆年间出土于京师通州城南。内容涉及唐幽州下辖的潞县城址的具体方位，历史上三个潞县城址的变迁，唐潞县城址与潞水（大运河）的关系，北齐长城与唐潞县城址的关系等。是我们今天了解北京城市副中心所在地——通州区历史发展脉络不可或缺的实物见证。
关键词：唐代 墓志 潞县城址 潞水 北齐长城
Abstract: The tombstone with epitaph was unearthed in the south of Tongzhou, Beijing in the period of Qianlong, Qing Dynasty. The content of the epitaph includes the specifc location of Luxian that was under the jurisdiction of Youzhou in Tang Dynasty, changes of the location of the three Luxian, the relationship between the location of Luxian in Tang Dynasty, Lu River (The Grand Canal) and the Great Wall of Northern Qi Dynasty. The epitaph is the indispensable material evidence for us to study the history and development of Tongzhou, the subcenter of Beijing.
Key Words:Tang Dynasty; epitaph; Luxian site; Lu River; Great Wall of Northern Qi Dynasty
蒙元时代北庭仕宦与高僧
——兼论畏兀儿人之华化及其对元大都的重要贡献
The Officials and Monks from Beshbaliq of the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties:
On Uighurs’ Sinolization and their Contributions to Khanbaliq
林梅村
Lin Meicun
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871）
内容提要：本文以北庭出身、迁居元大都（今北京）的畏兀儿文臣、武将、高僧为线索，考察元大都内畏兀儿人村落、畏兀儿贵族在京城的墓地。我们的调查表明，蒙元时代北庭畏兀儿人对中华文明多元文化，尤其是元大都陵园艺术、私家园林设计、丝绸纺织手工业、汉文化传承、佛典翻译等诸多方面皆做出重要贡献。
关键词：北庭 元大都 魏公村 畏兀儿墓地 私家园林
Abstract: Based on the biographies of the Uighurian offcials, military generals and monks from Beshbaliq,this paper discusses the villages and cemeteries of Uighurs in Khanbaliq (nowdays Beijing). It is therefore well demonstrated that the Uighurs of Beshbaliq made great contributions to enrich the diversity of Chinese civilization, particularly in terms of the decorative arts of cemetery buildings, private landscape and gardens,the development of textile industries and the translation works of Sinological classics and Buddhist sutras.
Key Words: Beshbaliq; Khanbaliq; Weigong village; Uighurian cemeteries; private landscape and gardens
元代瓷质酒具的创新及其历史根源探究
The Innovation of Ceramic Vessels for Wine and the Study on its Historical Reasons
张 米
Zhang Mi
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
（National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006）
内容提要：元代饮酒之风盛行。在这一时期，无论是酒还是酒具都出现了明显的变化。通过分析留存至今的瓷质酒具的变化及文献资料，可以发现造成这种变化的重要原因是蒸馏技术引入中国后，元代蒸馏酒普及至全国。在此基础上，元代酒文化也发生了变迁。
关键词：元代 瓷质酒具 蒸馏酒
Abstract: The custom of drinking wine was prevalent in the Yuan Dynasty. In this period, the wine and the vessels had great changed. According to the changes of ceramic vessels reserved until today and the historical documents, this article makes clear the reasons leading to the changes, which was that distilled liquor was extensively spread in the Yuan Dynasty after distillation technology entering into China. Then the article makes a brief analysis of the changes in wine culture and the reasons about it.
Key Words: The Yuan Dynasty; ceramic vessels for wine; distilled liquor
智化寺如来殿大梵天、帝释天衣纹研究初探
A Preliminary Study on the Clothing Patterns of Brahma and Indra in the Zhihua Temple Tathagata
杨 薇
Yang Wei
（北京文博交流馆，北京，100010）
（Beijing Cultural Exchange Museum, Beijing, 100010）
内容提要：智化寺如来殿内如来本尊的左右胁侍为大梵天和帝释天。二者的衣纹构图华美、设计巧妙、构思独特，以“图必有意，意必吉祥”为原则，融合了皇家与民间的多种吉祥图案，描绘出一幅幅中国传统吉庆的画面，加之应用了沥粉贴金、拨金、描金等多种装金工艺，更显示出佛像的雍容华贵、富丽堂皇。大梵天与帝释天的衣纹设计展示了我国古代工匠的无穷智慧和高超技艺，是不可多得的艺术精品。
关键词：智化寺 如来殿 大梵天 帝释天 衣纹
Abstract: The statue of the Tathagata in Zhihua Temple is flanked by two statues of attendant Buddhas, the statue of Brahma on the left while the statue of Indra on the right. Their clothings combines royal and folk auspicious patterns with many delicate techniques such as gelled patterning and gilding, gold-stripping and gold-drawing, which showing the statues grandeur and gorgeous. This paper will interpret the auspicious meaning of every patterns of their clothings.
Key Words: The Zhihua Temple; Tathagata; Brahma; Indra; clothing patterns
刘子久的艺术之路与金城、湖社画会的关系
Liu Zijiu’s Career of Art and the Relationship with Jin Cheng and Hushe Painting Association
赵艳玲
Zhao Yanling
（天津博物馆，天津，300201）
（Tianjin Museum, Tianjin, 300201）
内容提要：刘子久是20世纪京津地区传统中国画画坛的代表画家之一，他所取得的艺术成就与金城和湖社画会有着不可分割的联系。金城既是刘子久在绘画技艺上的老师，又是使刘子久成名的伯乐和立身画坛最重要的领路人。刘子久是湖社画会“精研古法、博采新知”宗旨的忠实践行者。他协助组建湖社画会，是其骨干中坚，同时也借助其整体实力提高了自身的影响力。这是民国时期，带有一定现代性质的美术团体运行方式中，画家个人和社团和谐共生，相互促进的典型实例之一。
关键词：传统 精研古法 博采新知
Abstract: Liu Zijiu is one of the representative of the traditional Chinese painting painters in Tianjin and Beijing area in the 20th century. His achievements in art had a close connection with Jin Cheng and Hushe Painting Association. Jin Cheng was Liu’s teacher in painting skills as well as the mentor who guided him to the art circles and made him famous. Liu was the faithful practitioner of the principle of “study the tradition,absorb new knowledge” of Hushe. Liu was the original founder of Hushe Painting Association and meanwhile his influence had been improver through the artist group. The establishment of Hushe was an art campaign with the sense of modernity in the period of the Republic of China, which was a typical example that the painters and community could develop in a harmony and make mutual promotion.
Key Words: Traditional; research tradition; absorb new knowledge
试论美国博物馆幼儿园及其对中国的启示
——以教育生态学为视角
Exploring American Museum Kindergarten and its Enlightenment to China:
From the Perspective of Ecology of Education
周婧景 高子涵
Zhou Jingjing Gao Zihan
（复旦大学文物与博物馆学系，上海，200433）
（Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433）
内容提要：20世纪50年代起，博物馆开始主动服务社会并在理论和实践上取得了重大发展。世纪之交，受教育生态学的驱动，美国博物馆不再把自己视为正规教育的补充或辅助，而定位成“直接的教育机构”。在这一背景下，博物馆幼儿园在美国诞生。通过对这一概念进行界定和分类，发现其在指导思想、核心内容和基本保障等方面为我们提供了经验，而且在构建早教生态系统中发挥了作用。这种跨界融合的教育创新对我国早教具有重要启示。
关键词：博物馆幼儿园 教育生态学 早教生态系统 启示
Abstract: Since the 1950s, the museum has taken the initiative to serve the society and has achieved signifcant development. The theory and practice have undergone tremendous changes, especially the leap ineducation. The current function of the museum is “education frst”. At the turn of the 21st century, American museums no longer position themselves as supplements or supplements to formal education, but rather as“direct areas of education.”In this context, the museum kindergarten was born. This paper attempts to reveal its experience in guiding thoughts, core content and basic guarantees based on the concept definition and classification of the Museum kindergarten, and then explore its role in building an educational ecosystem.The role of this kind of cross-border integration of educational innovations has implications for China’s educational practice.
Key Words: Museum kindergarten; Ecology of Education; early education ecosystem; enlightenment
浅析“国家宝藏”中的公众考古学实践
Study of Public Archaeological Practice in National Treasure
鞠荣坤
Ju Rongkun
（北京大学，北京，100871）
（Peking University, Beijing, 100871）
内容提要：“国家宝藏”是中央电视台于2017年末推出的一档文博探索类节目，通过影响力大的传播平台，应用多种表达形式，将文物、考古知识解码翻译给公众。虽然由于节目时长和容量有限，依旧存在一些遗憾，但总体上看，是一次瑕不掩瑜的公众考古实践。
关键词：“国家宝藏” 公众考古 文物 传媒
Abstract:The Nation’s Greatest Treasures is a TV show of archaeology and museology exploration in late 2017 which introduces and translates the knowledge of cultural relics and archaeology to the public with variety kinds of expression and powerful communication platform. On account for the length and content of the TV show there exists some deficiency and weakness. Nevertheless, it is considered as a relatively successful public archaeological practice.
Key Words: National Treasure; public archaeological practice; relics; communication
展示地方新形象：1958—1966年的洛阳市博物馆
The New Image: The History of Luoyang City Museum (1958-1966)
刘秀娟
Liu Xiujuan
（郑州大学考古学系，郑州，450001）
（Department of Archaeology of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001）
内容提要：洛阳市博物馆建于1958年，恰逢“大跃进”及洛阳大规模发展经济、进行工业城市建设的开端。洛阳市为配合城市建设进行了考古发掘，并出土了大量文物。此外，洛阳市还拥有丰富的历史文化遗迹，吸引了国内外大量游客。因此，洛阳市博物馆以当地出土文物为重点布置陈列展览，向国内外观众展示了洛阳市社会主义建设成就和地方新形象，具有鲜明的时代特征。
关键词：洛阳市博物馆 博物馆史 文物 地方文化形象
Abstract:The Luoyang Museum was built in 1958 when the economy development was pushed and the industrial city construction has begun. Luoyang has carried out archaeological excavations in cooperation with city construction and a large number of cultural relics have been unearthed, which urgently need a place to display. In addition, Luoyang has been attracting a large number of tourists at home and abroad for the famous historical and cultural sites. Therefore, Luoyang Museum arranged exhibitions based on newly unearthed cultural relics and also took the responsibility of displaying the achievements of socialist construction and the new local image, with distinctive characteristics of contemporary.
Key Words: Luoyang Museum; history of museum; cultural relic; image of local culture