洛阳曹魏大墓出土石牌铭文分类考释
Classification and Transcription of Stone Labels Unearthed in Cao-Wei Tomb, Luoyang
李零
Li Ling
（北京大学，北京，100871）
( Peking University, Beijing, 100871 )
内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土石质随葬品签牌，铭文内容丰富，对了解古代名物制度和随 葬习俗有高的学术价值。本文将其铭文初步分为饮食、衣服、起居、骑乘、佩剑、佩饰、礼乐、文房、游戏、海贝、树木、骨殖、其他，共计十三类，并做释文和简注，以供参考。
关键词：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓 随葬品签牌 石牌 铭文 释文
Abstract: These inscribed stone labels excavated from the tomb of Wei Dynasty (221 A.D-265 A.D) in Xizhucun, Luoyang, not only help us to further the ancient Chinese onomastic research, but also further the research of ancient Chinese burial rituals. This article preliminarily classifies them into 13 categories, based on their contents, and transcribes those inscriptions from their original Lishu (隶书) scribe, along with some brief annotations.
Key Words: Cao-Wei tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang; labels of burial objects; stone labels; inscriptions; annotations
洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓墓主身份浅析
——兼谈石牌铭文所记来自一带一路的珍品
Discussion on the Identity of Xizhucun Cao-Wei Tomb’s owner and Treasures on Stone Labels Inscriptions on Belt and Road
曹锦炎
Cao Jinyan
（浙江大学文化遗产研究院，杭州，310058）
( Institute of Cultural Heritage, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 )
内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土刻铭石牌200余件，记载随葬品的名称、质地、尺寸和数量，内涵丰富。石牌记载有“玄三纁二”，为赠币，是天子的葬仪；“绛九流（旒）一”，是象征天子身份的九旒旗帜。有三枚石牌记载用翡翠（彩石）、白珠和金珠挍成“蝉”形饰，是天子所戴通天冠上的“金博山”。石牌记有九彩衮服的腰带、配有黄金制带钩、玉琢带扣，只有帝王才配服用；所记的“袿袍”“玳瑁钗”，以及戴“翡翠、金镂、白珠挍”之“胜”，皆是汉代帝后用的上等服饰。石牌记有两合填金的墓志，犹如后世帝王随葬之填金玉哀册。石牌记载随葬不少来自一带一路的奇珍，从另一方面显示了墓主的地位和身份。从石牌铭文分析，M1应是曹魏的帝陵。
关键词：曹魏大墓 石牌 铭文 墓主身份 一带一路
Abstract: More than 200 pieces of stone inscription labels were unearthed from the Wei State Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang, which recorded the name, texture, size and quantity of the funeral goods.“Xuan San Xun Er(玄三纁二)”recorded on the stone label is a gift coin, used as the funeral instrument of the emperor; “Jiang Jiu Liu Yi［绛九流（旒）一］”is the nine-character banner symbolizing the identity of the emperor. There are three stone signboards record the object with cicada shape made by jade (color stone), white beads and gold beads. The object is the“Jinbo Mountain(金博山)”decorated on the crown of the emperor. A belt of nine color clothes, with a gold-made hook and a jade buckle, recorded in the inscription, could be used only by the emperor. The stone signboard also records the“robes(袿袍)” and “tortoise-shell hairpin(玳瑁钗)”, as well as“Sheng(胜)”twisted by“jade(翡翠)、goldedn lou(金镂)、white beads (白珠)”, which are all the finest clothing used by the emperor or the empress of the Han Dynasty. The stone label also records two epitaphs filled with gold, which could be seen as the mourning of the emperor’s burial. The stone signboard also records many treasures from the Belt and Road, thus shows the status and identity of the tomb. From the analysis of the stone inscriptions, M1 should be the emperor tomb of Wei Dynasty.
Key Words: Cao-Wei tomb; stone label; inscriptions; identity of tomb owner; the Belt and Road
洛阳西朱村曹魏大墓出土石牌定名与墓主身份补证
The Name of Stone Labels Unearthed in Xizhucun Cao-Wei Tomb and Research on Tomb Owners Identity
赵 超
Zhao Chao
（中国社会科学院考古研究所，北京，100710）
( Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100710 )
内容提要：本文通过梳理文献与考古出土品，指出西朱村曹魏大墓出土石牌应该叫做“楬”，是 古代标识府库藏品的签牌。它表明当时已经形成制度的器物管理收藏方式，比遣策更具可靠性。其次将出土石牌上记录的随葬器物名称进行释读分析，归纳出其中45种以上具有妇女用品特色的器物，而具有男子用品特征的仅有3种左右，从而说明主要墓主应为女性。结合墓中双棺并列的现象，支持其主要墓主是公主曹淑并袝葬与之冥婚的甄黄这一看法。
关键词：楬 遣策 西朱村曹魏墓主
Abstract: By research on historical records and archaeological excavation, this paper points out that, the stone labels in Xizhucun Cao-Wei tomb should be called Jie (楬, a label used by state-run warehouse). The appearance of Jie proves that, there was a reliable management system of wares which was better than Qiance. This paper also interprets the content of stone label inscriptions, concluding that there were more than 45 types of wares with female features while only 3 types of wares with male features. This indicates the tomb owner should be a woman. Moreover, there were double coffins lying parallelly, supporting the tomb owner were princess Cao Shu and her death marriage spouse Zhen Huang.
Key Words: Jie; Qiance; tomb owner of Cao-Wei tomb in Xizhucun
洛阳西朱村曹魏墓墓主探讨
Study on the Owner of the Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang in the Wei State of the Three-kingdoms Period
刘连香
Liu Lianxiang
（中央民族大学考古文博系，北京，100081）
( Department of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Minzhu University of China, Beijing 100081 )
内容提要：洛阳西朱村曹魏墓M1为7级台阶长斜坡墓道的横券双室砖构墓，墓壁厚近1米，墓砖上带有东汉纪年戳记，墓葬规模和形制介于曹操墓和曹休墓之间。墓中出土253件（块）石牌所记物品种类及墓内现象显示墓主为夫妻二人，葬制参照东汉皇帝大丧，身份与诸侯王相符。陶鼎等礼器及其他祭祀用具和模型明器具有曹魏前期特征。综合分析曹魏主要历史人物及相关活动，比对墓葬诸因素，推测墓主可能为曹操次子曹彰。
关键词：曹魏 西朱村墓 石牌 随葬品 墓主
Abstract: The tomb M1 was the two-chambered brick structure equipped with a long slope passage and seven steps of the Wei state of the Three-kingdoms Period located in the Xizhucun of Luoyang. The tomb walls are nearly 1 meter thick. Some of the tomb bricks had stamps of the reign title of Eastern Han Dynasty on them. The grade of M1 was between Cao Cao’s tomb and Cao Xiu’s tomb. The funeral goods recorded on the small stone labels and some signs indicated that a couple were buried in the tomb. Through refereing to the imperial funeral system of Eastern Han Dyansty, the paper estimated that the occupant of M1 was at the status of vassal king. The burial objects, including the pottery Ding (鼎), had the characteristic of the early period of Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms. It was inferred that the male owner of the tomb would be Cao Zhang, the second son of Cao Cao, according to the famous figures and their activities recorded in historic literatures at that time.
Key Words: Cao-Wei; Xizhucun tomb; stone labels; funeral goods; tomb owner
洛阳西朱村曹魏墓石牌铭文中的镜鉴考
A Study of the Mirrors Recorded in the Inscription of Stone Labels Unearthed from a Wei Dynasty Tomb in Xizhucun, Luoyang
霍宏伟
Huo Hongwei
（中国国家博物馆，北京，100006）
( National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006 )
内容提要：洛阳西朱村南一号曹魏墓出土200余件刻铭石牌。其中，铭文与镜鉴相关的石牌有4 件，主要涉及金错镜、车琚镜及镜台。因该墓被盗严重，石牌铭文记载的上述三类器物早已不存。今结合历史文献与考古发掘资料进行深入考证，得出以下结论：其一，该墓随葬的金错镜应是小于七寸的金错铁镜，属于特种工艺镜；其二，石牌铭文中提到的“车琚镜”，即车渠镜，亦即后人所云螺钿镜，这一铭文应是目前所见最早记载螺钿镜的史料；其三，石牌上所记纯金银镜台，尚未见到实物，属于专为上层社会制作的奢侈品。总体来看，西朱村曹魏墓墓主人具有极高的身份、地位，初步推断应在魏武王曹操与壮侯曹休之间。
关键词：洛阳西朱村 曹魏墓 刻铭石牌 金错镜 车渠镜
Abstract: Over 200 pieces of caved stone labels were unearthed from Xizhucun tomb M1 in Luoyang. Among them, four inscribed stone labels are concerned with mirrors, including a gold inlaid mirror, a Cheju mirror and a mirror stand. However, these three types of mirrors recorded in the inscriptions are no longer extant since the tomb was severely looted. On the basis of historical materials, the following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the funerary gold inlaid mirror should be an iron mirror with inlaid gold, measuring less than 7 inches. Secondly, the Cheju mirror (车琚镜) mentioned in the inscription should be a Chequ mirror that is also referred to as a Luodian mirror. This inscription is so far the earliest record of the Luodian mirror. Thirdly, the gold and silver mirror stands mentioned in the inscription of stone labels that were not found in this tomb were luxury object used by the upper class. To sum up, the person buried in the tomb was most likely of very high status, possibly between Wei Wuwang Cao Cao and Zhuang Hou Cao Xiu.
Key Words: Xizhucun, Luoyang; a Wei Dynasty Tomb; inscribed stone tablets; gold inlaid mirrors; a Chequ mirror
文化和艺术的归属
——全球化下海外博物馆藏中国文物诠释*
Destinations of Art and Culture: Globalization of Chinese Collections in Overseas Museums
沈 辰
Chen Shen
（加拿大皇家安大略博物馆，多伦多）
（ Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada ）
内容提要：流失海外藏于海外博物馆的中国文物数以万计，它们是中国文化和艺术的瑰宝，也是人类 文化和艺术的一部分。在全球化的今天，重新审视它们的历史地位和遗产价值，发挥它们弘扬中国文化、提升中华文明精神的作用十分重要。本文从文化和艺术归属的角度，初步探讨海外博物馆藏中国文物的诠释宗旨及应考量的观点，为流失海外的中国文物的文化诠释发音，以求友声。
关键词：中国文物 海外博物馆 全球化 诠释 文化差异 归属
Abstract: An estimation has calculated that there are tens of thousands of Chinese cultural relics lost and stored in overseas museums, they are not only priceless treasures of Chinese art and culture, but also irreplaceable art and culture to our humanity. Nowadays we live in a globalized world; therefore we have to reconsider their historical context and heritage value, to allow them to disseminate Chinese culture to the whole world and to promote the spirit of Chinese civilization. This essay is going to emphasize the significance of the sense of belonging for culture and art. At the same time, it is necessary to discuss preliminarily the views and evaluations for the purpose of collections of Chinese cultural relics in overseas museums, regarding the importance for having our voice heard: we are speaking out for our culture, and our peer.
Key Words: Chinese cultural relics; overseas museums; globalization; interpretation; culture diversity; sense of belonging
展览文创产品开发
——博物馆展览阐释的新途径
The Development of Cultural and Creative Products: A New Way to Interpret Exhibition in Museums
吴明
Wu Ming
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：展览阐释是通过文字叙述、形式设计、社会教育等途径对展览的主题和思想所作的文化阐 释。近些年，博物馆文创产品开发作为一个新的展览阐释途径异军突起，很多博物馆文创与展览同步策划，展览文创形成的文化现象，影响力丝毫不逊色于展览自身的社会影响。博物馆文创产品开发首先要考虑社会效益，但同时因其商品性，一定要兼顾经济效益。文创产品的商品属性，要求设计者必须深度发掘展览内涵，同时也必须考虑观众的审美和需求，让文创成为一种有效率的文化传播方式。通过开发文创产品阐释展览，可以从展品视觉元素的提取创作、展览及展品内涵意义的解构重构、产品与生活的连接、文化元素的深度发掘等方面来着手。
关键词：博物馆 文创产品 展览阐释 新途径
Abstract: Exhibition interpretation is a cultural interpretation of the theme and ideas of the exhibition through the means of text narration, formal design, social education and other way. In recent years, the development of museum cultural and creative products as a new way of exhibition interpretation has sprung up. Many Museums develops of cultural and creative products corresponding exhibition synchronously, which should first consider social benefits, but at the same time because of its commercial nature, we must take into account economic benefits. The commodity attributes of creative products require designers to explore the connotation of the exhibition, and at the same time consider the aesthetic needs of the audience to make an efficient way of cultural communication. Through the development of cultural product interpreting exhibition, we can start with the extraction of visual elements of exhibits, the deconstruction and reconstruction of the connotation of exhibits, the connection between products and life, and the deep excavation of cultural elements.
Key Words: Museum; development of cultural and creative products; interpretation exhibition; new way
传承•互鉴•共享
——城市博物馆的展览之策*
Exhibition Strategy of Urban Museum
李明斌 魏敏
Li Mingbin Wei Min
（成都博物馆，成都，610015）
（Chengdu Museum, Chengdu, 610015）
内容提要：与传统的古代艺术博物馆及专题博物馆不同，城市博物馆与某一特定区域历史文化紧密相 连，负有系统收集城市社会记忆载体，并进行整理、研究和传播的使命。同时，现代意义上的城市博物馆还担负着推动文明互鉴、促进文化交流的重任，并通过与社会公众的资源共享成为连接过去、现在与未来的纽带。城市博物馆应根据自身的角色定位及馆藏特色制定相应的展览策略。成都博物馆新馆自建设之初即围绕城市博物馆的功能定位进行展陈体系建设，最终确定了历史文化陈列与专题展相结合的展陈体系，2016年开馆之后致力于探索策展机制化，形成了“历史传承”“文明互鉴”“文化共享”的展陈体系。
关键词：城市博物馆 成都博物馆 使命 特征 展览策略
Abstract: Unlike traditional ancient art museums and thematic museums, urban museums are closely related to the history and culture of a particular region, and have the mission of systematically collecting the carriers of urban social memory, collating, researching and disseminating them. At the same time, in the modern sense, urban museums also shoulder the responsibility of promoting cultural exchanges, and become a link connecting the past, the present and the future through sharing resources with the public. Urban museums should formulate corresponding exhibition strategies according to their role orientation and collection characteristics. From the beginning of its construction, the new Chengdu Museum has built its exhibition system around the functional orientation of urban museums, and finally established the exhibition system combining historical and cultural exhibition with thematic exhibition. After opening in 2016, it has devoted itself to exploring the mechanism of curatorial exhibition and formed the following exhibition system: “historical heritage”, “mutual learning of civilizations” and “cultural sharing”.
Key Words: Urban museum; Chengdu Museum; mission; characteristics; exhibition strategy
博物馆的媒介化趋势及其实践意义
The Trend of Media and Its Significance in Practice for Museums
曹兵武
Cao Bingwu
（中国文化遗产研究院，北京，100029）
（ Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100029 ）
内容提要：收藏、保存、研究、展示、传播、教育……博物馆正在拥有越来越多的功能或职能，但是毋庸讳言，当今世界博物馆的传播和教育功能正在变得越来越突出、重要。本文初步梳理了有关现象，分析其背后原因，揭示内在的规律，并试图在博物馆学与信息传播学体系中分析探讨相应的博物馆实践中应予注意的有关问题。
关键词：博物馆 媒介 信息传播
Abstract:Collectivization, preservation, research, exhibition, dissemination, education and so on, museums is achieving an increasing amount of functions! Speaking truthfully, the influence and the educational function of a museum play an important role in our modern world. The intension of this essay is to preliminarily present the related phenomenon, to analyze the reasoning behind the topic, to uncover the pattern within it, and to try to analyze and discuss the awareness that should be raised in museology and media studies.
Key Words: Museum; media; dissemination of information
首都博物馆东馆建设的思考
Reflection on the Construction of the East Branch of the Capital Museum
张宇
Zhang Yu
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：随着新时代的到来，公众对博物馆的期待不断攀升，博物馆的角色和功能发生了很大的转 变，对博物馆的基础建设、服务水平和运营能力带来了很大的挑战，尤其是在博物馆的新建和改造过程中，保持前瞻性的战略眼光和广阔的视野，立足新时代对博物馆发展的新要求，把握博物馆发展的未来趋势就显得尤为重要，本文从首都博物馆东馆建设的前期工作实践出发，探讨性地提出对新时代博物馆建设的一些思考。
关键词：博物馆 建设 功能 设计 理念 观众
Abstract: With the new era approaching, the public expectation for museums augments; the role of museums and their functions have transformed greatly. Therefore, the museums are facing many challenges for example: their foundational construction, public service and operational capability. Especially, it is important to be predictive and to a have a strategic and broad vision during the construction and renewing of the museums, in order to satisfy the criteria for the development of museums in this new era and to follow the trend of development successfully. This essay focuses on the primary preparation of the construction of the east branch of the Capital Museum and provides some exploratory reflections over the construction of museums for the new era.
Key Words: Museum; construction; functions; design; theory; public
论博物馆可持续发展之路
——建设一座博物馆，从功能需求设计开始
Functional Requirements Design for Sustainable Development of Museums
史瑶
Shi Yao
（深圳博物馆，深圳，518026）
（Shenzhen Museum, Shenzhen, 518026）
内容提要：目前，在我国经济形势良好及政策支持的背景下，我国的博物馆事业顺势而为，新建及改扩建的国有及非国有博物馆如雨后春笋。随着博物馆数量的急剧增加，国家对博物馆的财物资源投入，可能会不足以满足博物馆事业快速发展的需要。仅仅依靠国家兴办、国家所有、国家供养的模式，无法迅速改变我国博物馆事业发展滞后的局面。安而不忘危，实现博物馆的可持续发展，是当前我国博物馆所面临的重要问题和挑战。其中，经济的可持续性是影响博物馆可持续性发展的关键因素，因此，在尊重行业发展规律的前提下，博物馆应主动审视社会发展的趋势，及时将运营、资金筹措、馆际合作等功能需求纳入博物馆筹建方案，合理规划未来发展的空间及配套设施，为博物馆的可持续发展开辟一条道路。
关键词：可持续发展 功能需求设计 资金筹措 社会捐赠 商业娱乐服务 馆际合作
Abstract: At present, in the context of the rising economic conditions and the support of the national policy, museums in China are springing up. With the sharp increase of museum number, the national financial resources invested in museums will not be enough to meet the needs. Only relying on the nation cannot quickly change the lagging development of museums in China. Being prepared for danger in times of safety, it is an important problem and challenge for museums to realize the sustainable development, and the economic sustainability is the significant factor. A museum, therefore, on the premise of respecting the rule of development, should take the initiative to estimate the trend of the society, bring the functional requirements of operation, financing, museum cooperation into master planning and programming, think about the spaces and facilities for the future, which would exploit a new road for the sustainable development of museums.
Key Words: Sustainable development; functional requirements design; financing; donation; business entertainment service; museum cooperation
博物馆讲故事与社区精神建构
——以新加坡牛车水原貌馆为例
Museum Storytelling and Construction of Community Spirit: A Case Study of the Chinatown Heritage Centre, Singapore
关昕
Guan Xin
（中国社会科学院中国历史研究院，北京，100101）
( Chinese Academy of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100101 )
内容提要：社区博物馆在现代都市观光化进程中常担负起重塑社区的历史与精神、搭建社区传统 与现代连接纽带的责任。新加坡牛车水原貌馆通过展览故事性的塑造，以社区的“人”为核心构建阐释、理解的平台，使地域场所精神得以充分凝聚到展览空间内，从而体现了博物馆在社区文化再生产上的重要价值。
关键词：博物馆 展览 故事 社区精神 新加坡
Abstract: Community museums often take responsibility for reshaping the social history&spirit and building link between tradition and modern culture in the modern urban tourism. Through the exhibition of storytelling, the Singapore Chinatown Heritage Center builds an interpretation and understanding platform with the community’s “people” as its core, so that the spirit of the regional place can be fully condensed into the exhibition space. It embodies the museum’s important value in the reproduction of community culture.
Key Words: Museum; exhibition; story; community spirit; Singapore
符号•记忆•共情
——博物馆展示中面孔墙的使用
Symbol, Memory and Empathy: The Use of Wall of Faces in Museum Exhibition
渠雨桐
Qu Yutong
（复旦大学文物与博物馆系，上海，200433）
( Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 )
内容提要：面孔墙是博物馆经常使用的一种展示手段，一般是将整面墙壁作为布景，在墙上有规律地铺陈群体或个体的肖像。通常，面孔墙在纪念馆中使用较多，往往以罹难者照片墙、名人肖像墙的形式出现，在其他类型博物馆中亦有应用的实例。在面孔墙中，人物的面孔被符号化，成为过去历史或社区当下的见证，观众通过想象构建自己的个人体验，完成与其表征群体的共情。但这一过程往往伴随着个体记忆的消解，重构的记忆被纳入博物馆自身的叙事体系。
关键词：博物馆展览 面孔墙 集体记忆 个体记忆 共情
Abstract: The wall of faces is a means that is often used by museums to display. Generally speaking, the entire wall is used as a set, and a portrait of a group or individual is regularly arranged on the wall. Usually, the wall of faces is used more in the memorial hall, which is often displayed in the form of the photo wall of the victims and the portraits of the celebrities, and there is also the applied case in other types of museums. With regard to the wall of faces, the faces of the characters are symbolized to be the witness of the past history or the current community, and the audience can conceive their own personal experience by imagination and complete the empathy with the representation group. However, this process is often accompanied by the dissolution of individual memory, and the reconstructed memory is incorporated into the museum’s own narrative system.
Key Words: Museum exhibition; wall of faces; collective memory; individual memory; empathy
社会性下博物馆职能的渗透与后退
——以史家胡同博物馆为例
Seep and Back, The Museum Function as the Social Platform: The Case Study of Shijiahutong Museum
王思渝1 王虹光2
Wang Siyu1 Wang Hongguang2
（1. 北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871；2. 北京市城市规划设计研究院，北京，100045）
（1. School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871; 2. Beijing Municipal Institute of
City Planning and Design, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：2019年国际博物馆日的主题再次体现了当代国际社会对博物馆在一种社会性下反思自 我职能的呼声。具体到国内语境中，在吸收了“社区博物馆”和“社区营造”的理念后，史家胡同博物馆通过介入社会议题、构建社会网络，以及在这个过程中专业力量的保障，实现了博物馆对社区的渗透与自我职能有条件的后退。
关键词：社会性 博物馆职能 社区博物馆 社区营造
Abstract: The topic of Museum International Day in 2019 called for the self-reflection of museum function again, especially in the social platform. Considering the situation in China, Shijiahutong Museum could be understood as one of the best case to prove how the museum connected to the community. Involving the idea of“community museum”and“community building”, Shijiahutong Museum connected to the community by engaging into social issues, creating social network, and offering professional support.
Key Words: Social platform; museum function; community museum; community building
从功能需求谈博物馆空调系统建设
Discussion on the Application of Air Conditioning System in Museums from the Perspective of Functional Demand
邱春梅
Qiu Chunmei
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
(Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045)
内容提要：本文从博物馆功能需求入手，探讨了博物馆空调系统的理想架构。同时结合首都博物 馆空调系统建设及十几年来运行的经验与不足，从博物馆理想的空调系统如何构建，到建设过程中面临的困惑，从首博空调系统运行过程中的感性认识，到博物馆空调系统需要特殊考虑的理性思考等方面，对博物馆空调系统建设实践进行了深入的分析探讨，以供业内参考。
关键词：博物馆建设 功能需求 博物馆空调系统
Abstract: This analysis intends to discuss about the ideal air conditioning system for the museums as the focus is on the functions of museums. At the same time, we have noticed the lack of experience in the construction of the air conditioning system and the insufficiency created during the operation. Both from the perceptual knowledge of the system during its mechanical operation, and from the rational way of reasoning the specific needs for completing a satisfying system, we decided to make a survey and to have further discussions backed up by researches in depth and putting the air conditioning system in practice; this would be a helpful reference for peer.
Key Words: Construction of museums; functional demand; air conditioning system of museums
免费开放后博物馆的发展对策
——以苏州博物馆为例
The Development Strategies in the Period of China’s Free-admission to Museums: Taking Suzhou Museum as an Example
陈瑞近
Chen Ruijin
（苏州博物馆，苏州，215001）
( Suzhou Museum, Suzhou, 215001 )
内容提要：中国的博物馆正在经历着第四次发展的高潮，自2008年国有博物馆实行免费开放以来，中国的博物馆整体面貌焕然一新，不论是博物馆的数量还是博物馆的质量，都在快速增长，但也面临不少压力。免费开放后，博物馆如何应对，应采取什么样的发展策略？苏州博物馆采取以观众体验为目标，逐渐培养自身的核心竞争力，通过各种方式不断扩大“朋友圈”，以创新思维推动博物馆高质量发展的策略，大力提升苏州博物馆的社会影响力，打开了向上发展的通道。
关键词：博物馆 免费开放 观众体验 核心竞争力 朋友圈 创新思维
Abstract: China's museums are experiencing a fourth boom. Since the free-admission to the state-owned museums in 2008, both the number of museums and the quality of museums, are growing rapidly, but also face a lot of pressure. Suzhou Museum adopts the audience experience as the goal, gradually cultivates its core competitiveness, expands the “friends circle” through various means, promotes the high-quality development of the museum with innovative thinking strategy, vigorously enhances the social influence of Suzhou Museum, open up the channel of upward development.
Key Words: Free-admission; audience experience; core competence; friends circle; innovative thinking