世界各地儿童博物馆概览
The Landscape of Children's Museums Around the World
雷-安妮•斯特拉德斯基
Leigh-Anne Stradeski
（尤里卡国立儿童博物馆，英国）
(Eureka! The National Children's Museum, the United Kingdom)
儿童第一
——儿童和家庭在儿童博物馆中的玩耍和成长
Where Kids Come First:
Children's Museum as Space Where Children and Families Can Play and Grow
史蒂芬•米茨
Steven Mintz
（德克萨斯大学，美国）
(University of Texas, the United States)
儿童博物馆：家庭学习的地方
Children's Museums: A Structure for Family Learning
安•列文-贝纳姆
Ann Lewin-Benham
（孟菲斯领导力学院，美国）
(The Leadership Institute of Memphis, the United States)
填补空白
——关于服务幼儿家庭的建议
Filling the Gaps:
Recommendations for Serving Families with Young Children
蕾妮•亨利
Renee Henry
（伊利诺伊州，美国）
(Illinois, the United States)
了解观众
——博物馆：一个体现社会文化的场所
Understanding the Audience:
Museums as Socio-cultural Environments
帕梅拉•厄斯金-罗夫塔斯
Pamela Erskine-Loftus
（纽约，美国）
(New York, the United States)
讲述欧洲故事
——为什么我们对儿童展览和项目的主题如此谨慎？
Tales from Europe:
Why are We so Anxious about Children's Exhibition and Program Topies?
克劳迪亚•哈斯
Claudia Haas
（维也纳儿童博物馆，奥地利）
(ZOOM Kindermuseum in Vienna, Austria)
美国社会的归属感
——蕴藏在文化类展览中的社会正义
Belonging in America:
Social Justice Messages in Cultural Exhibits
丽兹•马丁 安德鲁•艾克曼
Lizzy Martin Andrew Ackerman
（曼哈顿儿童博物馆，美国）
(Children's Museum of Manhattan, the United States)
敞开大门
——廷马琳儿童博物馆向社会公正问题发起挑战
Opening the Door:
Tin Marín Children's Museum Tackles Social Justice Issues
胡安•卡洛斯•诺沃阿 杰里•格拉沙格尔
Juan Carlos Novoa Jerry Glashagel
（廷马琳儿童博物馆，萨尔瓦多）
(Tin Marín Children's Museum, Salvador)
用研究呈现游戏化学习的价值
Using Research to Make Learning Through Play Visible
苏珊•勒图诺 罗宾•迈斯纳
Susan Letourneau Robin Meisner
（普罗维登斯儿童博物馆，美国）
(Providence Children's Museum, the United States)
创客空间欢迎你的参与
Making Engages People
丽萨•勃拉姆斯 彼得•沃德瑞普
Lisa Brahms Peter S. Wardrip
（匹兹堡儿童博物馆，美国）
(Children's Museum of Pittsburgh, the United States)
儿童博物馆和文化教育
Children Museum and Cultural Education
安妮梅斯•布鲁卡登
Annermies Broekgaarden
（热带青少年博物馆，荷兰）
(Tropenmuseum Junior, the Netherlands)
路德青年艺术教育馆
——以色列博物馆之门
The Ruth Youth Wing:
A Door to the Israel Museum
尼里•希罗-可汗
Nurit Shilo-Cohen
（以色列博物馆，以色列）
(The Israel Museum, Israel)
建立一座马尼拉的儿童博物馆
A Children's Museum in Manila, from 1993 to 2019
尼娜•尤森
Nina Lim-Yuson
（马尼拉儿童博物馆，菲律宾）
（Museo Pambata, Philippines）
儿童博物馆，跨越太平洋的友谊之桥
Children's Museum, Connecting Hawaii with China
洛蕾塔•矢岛
Loretta Luke Yajima
（夏威夷儿童探索中心，美国）
（Hawaii Children's Discovery Center, the United States)
儿童与儿童教育的概念探析
Discussion on the Concept of Children and Children's Education
王 瑞
Wang Rui
（中国妇女儿童博物馆，北京，100005）
（China National Museum of Women and Children, Beijing, 100005）
内容提要：本文通过对儿童和儿童教育的概念进行中外理解的对比和深入阐述，系统梳理了国内外儿童教育的主要观点，总结了国内外目前在博物馆儿童教育理念方面的理论探索，为深入认识和探讨博物馆儿童教育提供理论参考。
关键词：儿童 教育 博物馆儿童教育
Abstract:By comparing and elaborating the concepts of children and children’s education, this article systematically collects the main viewpoints of children’s education in China and abroad, summarizes the theoretical exploration of children’s education concepts in museums at China and abroad, and provides a theoretical reference for further understanding and exploring children’s education in museums.
Key Words: Children; education; children’s education in museums
基于儿童发展特点的展览设计与探索
Design and Exploration of Exhibition Based on the Characteristics of Children's Development
宋娴 罗跞
Song Xian Luo Luo
（上海科技馆科学传播与发展研究中心，上海，200127）
（Research Center of Science Communication and Development, Shanghai Science & Technology Museum, Shanghai, 200127）
内容提要：本文简要介绍了博物馆儿童教育领域常用的认知发展理论及其在国外展览设计中的应 用，并总结了国外博物馆研究领域所得的儿童在场馆中学习特点的成果，最后以这两方面为理论基础分析国内比较成功的两个案例，从中得到一些关于儿童展览设计的启示。
关键词：儿童教育 展览设计 学习特点 认知发展
Abstract: This paper briefly introduces the cognitive development theory commonly used in museum children’s education and its application in designing in foreign exhibition. Then it summarizes the foreign research achievements of children’s learning characteristics in the museum. Finally, two successful cases in China are analyzed, based on the cognitive development theory and children’s museum learning characteristics in order to get some implications about exhibition design method aiming at children.
Key Words: Children education; exhibition design; learning characteristics; cognitive development
儿童博物馆：从美国到中国
Children's Museum: From America to China
张旎
Zhang Ni
（北京师范大学，北京，100875）
（Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875）
内容提要：儿童博物馆是一百多年前起源于美国、随后盛行于全球的儿童早期教育机构，在中国 却寥寥无几、鲜有人知。美国儿童博物馆的教育理念和教育项目符合美国的社会文化特点和教育环境，中国和美国有非常不同的社会文化教育环境，儿童博物馆在从美国引进到中国的过程中，想要落地生根就需要深入的研究和实践。本文简要介绍了儿童博物馆在美国的研究与实践，分析儿童博物馆从美国引进到中国遇到的问题和挑战，以及探讨儿童博物馆未来在中国发展需要深入研究的重要问题。
关键词：儿童博物馆 玩 学前教育 家庭教育
Abstract: Originated in the US, children’s museums have become popular early childhood education institutions around the world. However, children’s museums are small in numbers and rarely known in China. The education philosophy and practice embraced by American children’s museums appeals to the social, cultural, and educational context of the US, which is different from that of China. From the US to China, children’s museums need to adapt to the particular context of China. This article will introduce children’s museum research and practices in the US, analyze the challenges for children’s museum development in China, and explore the critical research questions for localizing children’s museums in China.
Key Words: Children’s museum; play; early childhood education; family education
当低结构遇见博物馆，不一样的精彩
——博物馆的教育资源在幼儿园低结构活动中的运用初探
The Low-structured Activity Becomes Wonderful When It Absorbed the Museum Resources:
A Preliminary Study on the Application of Museum's Educational Resources in Kindergarten's Low-structured Activities
管佳玮 陈文奇 袁佳赟
Guan Jiawei Chen Wenqi Yuan Jiayun
（芷江中路幼儿园，上海，200072）
(Zhijiang Middle Road Kindergarten, Shanghai, 200072)
内容提要：现代博物馆的功能以教育推广为重要目标，其形态包含建筑物、植物园、动物园、水 族馆等，蕴含了丰富的教育资源，使得幼儿园积极主动地选择博物馆作为社会实践基地。芷江中路幼儿园历时二十年，借鉴美国的有关活动结构化的理论，创建以幼儿自主学习为核心的低结构活动范式，将低结构活动界定为以幼儿为主导的活动，以幼儿发展为本，目标内隐，强调过程、游戏、幼儿自主建构经验。教师用最基本的环境设计和简单的材料投放给幼儿最大的活动空间，让幼儿有充分的自主选择机会，自由探索与发现、表达与表现。芷江中路幼儿园研发了一系列低结构活动内容，独创了开放性的经典玩教具，真正体现了“让孩子表现自己，让教师发现孩子”，促进幼儿自主发展。在其发展过程中，博物馆作为一种重要的社会资源，被积极纳入其中，成为低结构活动的活动内容设计、经典玩教具的灵感源泉，活动的延伸推进的助力，与幼儿园一起共同促进幼儿全方位的发展。
关键词：博物馆?低结构活动?玩教具?教育资源
Abstract: The function of modern museums is to promote education. Its diverse forms include buildings, botanical gardens, zoos, aquariums,etc.It contains rich educational resources, which makes kindergartens actively choose museums as social practice bases. Zhijiang Middle Road Kindergarten has created a low-structured activity paradigm centered on childen’s autonomous learning which drawing lessons from the theory of structured activities in the United States. It defines low-structured activities as activities dominated by children, based on children’sdevelopment, with implicit goals, emphasizing process, games and emphasizing children’s experience of self-construction. Teachers use the most basic environmental design and simple materials to give children the greatest space for activities, so that children have full opportunities for independent choice, free exploration and discovery, expression and performance. A series of low-structured activities have been developed, and the open classical teaching aids have been created, which truly embodies “let children express themselves, let teachers discover children”, and promote children’s independent development. In the process of its development, museums, as an important social resource, have been actively included in it. They have become the inspiration source of content design of low-structured activities, classical teaching aids, and the extension of activities to promote children’s all-round development.
Key Words: Museum; low-structured activity; toys and teaching aids; educational resources
浅谈博物馆策划实施教育活动的情感互动要素
——以首都博物馆临展教育活动策划及实施为例
Discussion on How to Intergrate the Emotional Interaction Elements into the Museum Education Activities: The Planning and Implementation of Educational Activities in Capital Museum as an Example
杜莹
Du Ying
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：博物馆教育活动作为展览的延伸，可以帮助儿童深度解读展览，日益受到亲子观众的 重视，本文从教育活动主题策划、流程设置、教育内容研发及实施过程等方面入手，重点以情感互动为视角，在分析具体案例后提出博物馆策划实施教育活动为儿童解读展览及展品的一些要素，如运用跨学科知识进行策划、关注儿童兴趣、启发式引导、活动流程设置、展厅参观环节和儿童动手环节均需要关注与儿童的情感互动。
关键词：流程设置? 儿童展线? 教育活动? 情感互动? 活动策划
Abstract: Museum educational activities, as an extension of exhibitions and a good way to help children to interpret exhibitions in depth, are attracting more and more attention from parents and their children. Starting from the aspects of theme planning, process setting, research and development of education contents and implementation process, this paper focuses on emotional interaction and takes many cases as examples to illustrate how museums can help to interpret museum exhibitions for children through implementing education activities. Some elements such as using interdisciplinary knowledge for planning, focusing on children’s interests, inquiry guidance, activity process setting, focusing on guiding children’s inquiry learning, exhibition visits and children’s hands-on activities, need to be considered in emotional interaction with children.
Key Words: Process setting; exhibition line for children; educational activities; emotional interaction; activity planning
革命纪念馆对儿童教育的实践与探索
——以渡江战役纪念馆为例
Practice and Exploration of Children's Education in Revolutionary Memorial Museums: A Case on the Yangtze-crossing Campaign Memorial Museum
朱洁芸
Zhu Jieyun
（渡江战役纪念馆，合肥，230091）
(The Yangtze-crossing Campaign Memorial Museum, Hefei, 230091)
内容提要：革命文物是革命纪念馆开展教育活动的重要载体，如何向儿童有效地传递其承载的信 息，满足儿童的社会教育需求是渡江战役纪念馆教育工作中遇到的问题。本文整理分析了目前国内外儿童教育相关的法规、政策，以及国内外部分博物馆、革命纪念馆儿童教育的经验。以渡江战役纪念馆“全能小民兵”教育品牌为例，介绍本馆对儿童教育活动的探索和取得的效果，特别是如何在儿童教育活动中合理、科学的提高革命文物的信息诠释度。希冀本文可以为革命纪念馆在策划开展儿童教育活动方面提供些许参考。
关键词：革命纪念馆? 革命文物? 博物馆儿童教育
Abstract: The revolutionary cultural relics are important medium to launch educational activities within revolutionary memorial museums. How to effectively interpret message to children visitors is a problem that needs to be solved. Through analyzing the current domestic and international regulations and policies related to children’s education and discussing the experience of practices in some domestic and overseas museums, ‘The Omnipotent Little Militia’ developed by The Yangtze-crossing Campaign Memorial Museum is taken as an example to introduce the museum’s exploration in children’s education, featuring how to reasonably and scientifically improve the information interpretation of revolutionary cultural relics in children’s education. The author contends that the experience of the Yangtze-crossing Campaign Memorial Museum can provide some clearer references to revolutionary memorial museums in planning children’s educational activities.
Key Words: Revolutionary memorial museum; revolutionary cultural relics; children’s education in museum
博物馆课程入名校学分
——广州博物馆与广东实验中学馆校合作模式探究
The Museum Curriculum Get Credits in Famous Senior High School:
Research of the Mode of Museum-School Cooperation Between Guangzhou Museum and Guangdong Experimental High School
罗兴连
Luo Xinglian
（广州博物馆，广州，510045）
(Guangzhou Museum, Guangzhou, 510045)
内容提要：近年来，国内博物馆教育的发展推动了各博物馆与学校的合作。馆校合作是博物馆发 挥教育功能的重要形式。博物馆与学校只有建立平等的合作伙伴关系，才能开展深入有效的馆校合作，形成长效合作机制。2017年，广州博物馆与广东实验中学合作，在学校开设了2学分的“广府历史文化专题课程”。该项目凭借系统的课程内容和多样化的教学方式，使博物馆的教育功能得到有效发挥，为馆校合作深入拓展提供了新的模式。
关键词：馆校合作?博物馆课程?学分?合作伙伴
Abstract: Recently the development of museum education promotes the cooperation between museum and school. Museum-school cooperation is the most important form to play a role of the museum education. Only the museum and school build the equal relationship can the in-depth and effective museum-school cooperation be carried out. Guangzhou museum and Guangdong Experiment High School set up the curriculum on Guangfu history and culture in 2017, which had 2 credits for students. This project contributed to the function of museum education with the systematic curriculum and diversified teaching method, and provided the new mode for the museum-school cooperation.
Key Words: Museum-school cooperation; museum curriculum; credit; cooperative partner
高校博物馆展陈如何实现美育的功能
——以大学校史馆展陈空间为例
How to Realize the Function of Aesthetic Education in University Museum Exhibition: Taking the Exhibition Space of School History Museum as an Example
荣苓
Rong Ling
（度为设计工程有限公司，武汉，430223）
(Doway Design Engineering Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430233)
内容提要：随着人文艺术教育理念在高校广泛传播和开展，各大学都创建了不同层次的博物馆 （含校史馆），以发挥高校博物馆在科教兴国、学习型社会和公共文化服务体系建设中的作用，但受限于目前我国高校博物馆的展陈理念和展陈水平，高校博物馆更多停留在收藏研究和知识传播的单一功能层面，未能充分发挥其在实现美育功能，满足受众精神文化需求并推动社会文化发展方面所承担的重要功能。
针对这一现状，文章立足于国家对博物馆建设的支持和倡导方向，以大学教育的本质为基础，通过举例法、比较法、观察法等研究方法从展陈形式、传播内容、空间设计、展览主题、场域精神 等信息传播方式具体分析在展陈空间中如何实现“美育”这一重要拓展功能。
关键词：高校博物馆 拓展功能 美育功能 场所精神 信息传播方式
Abstract: With the trend of humanities and art education concept’s wide spread, major universities established museums, including school history museum to realize the role of university museums in rejuvenating the country, building a learning society, etc. However, limited to current concepts and feasibility of domestic university museums, university museums’ function mainly reflects on study of collection and knowledge dissemination, hardly play an aesthetic education role. Not to mention the goal to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of the audience and promote social development. This article tries to tackle this situation. Based on the support and advocation from the country to the museum, this article begins with the nature of university education. By making comparison, observation and other methods to analyze exhibition, content, space design and other factors to discuss how to realize the function of aesthetic education in university museum exhibition.
Key Words: University museum; extension;aesthetic education;spirit of location;media
我国儿童博物馆的创新实践与教育效果
——基于对老牛探索馆内儿童的追踪观察
Innovative Practice and Educational Effect of Children's Museum in China:
A Follow-up Observation Study of Lao Niu Children's Discovery Museum
龚欣1 张慧2 曾满超3
Gong Xin1 Zhang Hui2 Tsang Mun C.3
（1.华中师范大学教育学院教育经济与管理研究所，武汉，430079；
2.北京师范大学中国公益研究院中国儿童博物馆研究中心，北京，100875；
3.哥伦比亚大学教育学院中国教育研究中心，纽约，10025）
(1.Institute of Education Economics and Management,School of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079;2.Children's Museum Research Center,Beijing Normal University, Beijing,100875;3.Center on Chinese Education,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York,10025)
内容提要：中国儿童中心老牛儿童探索馆是由政府、基金会、高校研究机构三方建立的第一家融 合国际先进教育理念和运作模式的公益性儿童博物馆。该馆分为开心集市、阳光之谷、科学天地等展厅，通过提供科学、人文、艺术等领域活动空间、体验设备和工作坊活动，开展了不少创新实践。为从儿童个体发展视角探究该馆的教育效果，对83名儿童实施了半结构化的追踪观察，在接近一年的时间内，39位儿童被观察了至少2次，19位儿童被观察了至少4次。观察内容涵盖儿童入馆状态、活动区域、互动情况等。对观察记录和视频照片的分析发现，馆内活动经历在一定程度上提升了儿童的学习兴趣、科学素养和问题解决能力；部分家长的行为也发生了改变。对某流动儿童群体的观察和教师访谈也呈现了积极的效果。
关键词：老牛探索馆 创新实践 观察 教育效果
Abstract: The China National Children’s Center Lao Niu Children’s Discovery Museum is the first public welfare children’s museum established by the government, the foundation and university research institutions, which integrates the international advanced education concepts and operation modes. The museum is divided into happy market, sunshine valley, science world and other exhibition halls. Through providing activity space, experience equipment and workshop activities in science, humanities, art and other fields, the museum has carried out many innovative practices. In order to explore the educational effect of the museum from the perspective of individual development of children, semi-structured longitudinal observation was carried out for 83 children in nearly one year, 39 of them were observed at least twice and 19 of them were observed at least 4 times in nearly one year. The observation contents include children’s admission status, activity area and interaction. Through the analysis of the observation records and video photos, it is found that the activity experience in the museum has improved children’s learning interest, scientific literacy and problem-solving ability to some extent. Some parents’ behavior has also changed. The observation of a group of migrant children and interviews with teachers also show positive effects.
Key Words: Lao Niu Children’s Discovery Museum; innovative practice; observation; educational effect