良渚时代的中国与世界
China and the World in Liangzhu Period
陈明辉 朱叶菲
Chen Minghui Zhu Yefei
（浙江省文物考古研究所，杭州，310014）
（Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014）
内容提要：距今五千年前后，世界各地开始出现第一批成熟文明和早期国家与社会，如苏美尔文明、古埃及文明和哈拉帕文明。最近二三十年的考古发掘证实，这一时期，中国也出现了以良渚文明为代表的多个区域文明，呈现出“满天星斗”状的文明图景。探索早期文明社会产生、发展和衰落的历程，以及不同文明的异同，是世界考古学的重大课题。
关键词：良渚时代 中国早期文明 世界早期文明
Abstract: 5000 years from now, a number of mature civilizations, early countries and societies start to emerge all over the world, for example, Sumer, ancient Egypt and Xalapa. The last 30 years archaeological work proves that, during this time, regional civilizations like Liangzhu culture arise in China. Exploring early stage of civilization, the emergence and declination of societies, and similarity and difference among civilizations, are major subjects of world archaeology.
Key Words: Liangzhu period; early civilization in China; early civilization of the world
成组玉礼器与良渚文明模式
Group of Ritual Jades and Liangzhu Cultural Pattern
方向明
Fang Xiangming
（浙江省文物考古研究所，杭州，310014）
（Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014 ）
内容提要：玉文化是中华文明的重要文化基因。良渚文化是东亚玉器时代发展的高峰，良渚文化成组玉礼器（成套玉礼器）标识拥有者的身份、等级和地位，彰显聚落的等级和规模，反映中心和区域中心之间的密切关系。成组玉礼器是良渚文化复杂社会组织结构和文明模式的体现。
关键词：成组玉礼器 良渚文明模式
Abstract: Jade culture is one of the key factors of Chinese culture. Liangzhu is the very peak time of eastern Asia Jade Time. Group of ritual jades embody the social status of tomb owners, represent scale of the tribe, reflect relationship between center and neighbors. Group of ritual jades is the mirror of the complicated social organization structure and cultural pattern of Liangzhu culture.
Key Words: Group of ritual jades; Liangzhu Cultural Pattern
环太湖地区史前时期头向传统的区域差异及演变
——兼谈良渚古城崛起的背景
Regional Differences and Changes of Head Direction Tradition in Taihu Neighborhood
Prehistoric Tombs and Concurrently Discussion on Background of Liangzhu Old City’s Rise
陈明辉
Chen Minghui
（浙江省文物考古研究所，杭州，310014）
（Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, 310014 ）
内容提要：基于陶器组合的研究可知马家浜时期环太湖地区太湖西部、太湖北部和太湖南部存在明显的地域差异，这种差异在崧泽至良渚时期逐渐减弱，反映了这一区域日渐加强的文化同化和融合，这一过程在墓葬头向传统的区域差异及演变上也有所显示。良渚古城区的丧葬传统及玉器随葬和部分陶器等与苕溪下游乃至巢湖流域有着最为紧密的关系。根据墓葬头向的研究，在整个环太湖良渚时期墓葬普遍以南向为主导之时，良渚古城区仍存在两种采用不同头向传统的人群。
关键词：环太湖 史前时期 头向传统 文化演变 社会变迁
Abstract: There is obvious regional difference in pottery combinations among western Taihu, northern Taihu and Southern
Taihu during Majiabang period. This difference gradually declines from Songze to Liangzhu period, indicating cultural assimilation and fusion. This trend also appears in the tombs’ heads direction tradition in this region. In Liangzhu old city, funeral custom, jade and funeral goods and some potteries are most related to lower Tunxi and Chaohu waters. Based on research of head directions in tombs, though south is the dominant style in the whole Taihu during Liangzhu period, ancient residents in Liangzhu old city use two different head directions in funeral custom.
Key Words: Taihu neighborhood; prehistorical period; head direction tradition; cultural change; society change
岭南地区良渚风格玉器研究
A Study on Liangzhu-style Jade Articles in Lingnan Area
曹芳芳
Cao Fangfang
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University, Beijing, 100871 ）
内容提要：岭南地区所见良渚风格玉器按其流传性质可分为两大类，即传世品和考古出土品，传世品数量不多。出土的良渚风格玉器多出自石峡遗址，这些玉器在石峡文化之前均不见于岭南地区，其中绝大部分可以从良渚文化玉器中找出类比的相似玉器，而且在石器和陶器方面二者亦有可类比者。因此，我们认为这些玉器绝大部分是直接来源于良渚文化，是当时人群之间的直接交流。
关键词：岭南地区 良渚风格玉器 石峡文化 直接交流
Abstract: According to their circulated nature, the Liangzhu-style jade articles seen in the Lingnan area can be divided into two categories, the handed down products with small number and the archaeological excavated goods. The unearthed Liangzhu-style jade articles were from the Shixia Site, not found in the Lingnan area before Shixia Culture. However, most of them can be found the similar jade articles from the Liangzhu Culture, and the same with some stonewares and potteries. Therefore, we consider that most of these jade articles are directly derived from Liangzhu Culture, indicating the direct communication between the people at that time.
Key Words: Lingnan area; Liangzhu-style jade articles; Shixia culture; direct communication
SWOT分析法在我国博物馆应用的宏观视角
A General View of SWOT Analysis Method’s Application in Chinese Museum
焦丽丹
Jiao Lidan
（国家文物局博物馆与社会文物司博物馆处，北京，100009）
（Museum Office of Museum and Social Heritage Department,
National Cultural Heritage Administration, Beijing, 100009）
内容提要：SWOT分析法是对研究对象的内部优势、劣势和外部机遇、挑战等因素进行系统分析的方法，其分析结果具有战略指导意义，常在企业制定发展战略时使用。其在我国博物馆领域的应用尚处于起步阶段，相关论文不多，且以个案为主。本文从中国博物馆事业发展的宏观视角出发，运用SWOT分析法深入、全面地解析中国博物馆自身的优势与劣势，以及其外部面临的机遇与挑战，并由此提出提升博物馆贡献力的主要途径。
关键词：SWOT分析法 博物馆 贡献力 提升途径
Abstract: SWOT is a systematic analysis method to deal with the subject’s internal advantages and disadvantages, external challenges and opportunities, whose results are of guiding significance. Generally, SWOT is applied in bossiness cooperation’s strategy making. The application of SWOT in Chinese Museum just starts, with only number of relative research. This paper starts from the general view of Chinese museum’s development, using SWOT to thoroughly analyze Chinese museum’s status and future, then propose solution for Chinese museum’s contribution promotion.
Key Words: SWOT; museum; contribution; promotion
文学博物馆刍议
A Study on Literary Museums
刘 迪 苏 勇
Liu Di Su Yong
（江西师范大学，南昌，330022）
（Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022）
内容提要：文学博物馆作为一种被理论界忽视的博物馆类型，其界定、功能、分类等基本问题有待进一步厘清。此外，文学博物馆的发展还受制于两个关键问题：其一，与文学史的关系制约着文学博物馆的发展定位；其二，与视觉化的关系深刻地影响文学博物馆的陈展表现。
关键词：文学博物馆 界定 功能 分类 趋势
Abstract: As a kind of museum neglected by theoretical community, the definition, function and classification of literary museums need to be further clarified. In addition, the development of literary museums is also influenced by two key issues: first, the relationship with literary history restricts its development orientation; second, the relationship with visualization profoundly affects the exhibition performance of literary museums.
Key Words: Literary museums; definition; function; classification; trend
博物馆教育研究：基于研究方法的选择
Museum Education Research: Selection of Appropriate Research Methods
季 娇
Ji Jiao
（中南大学，长沙，410083）
（Central South University, Changsha, 410083）
内容提要：博物馆教育研究是构建以观众为中心的博物馆学习共同体的重要途径。研究方法的选择影响了博物馆教育研究为教育实践服务的有效性、可行性和可持续性。该文从教育学研究的视角出发，介绍并分析了国内外博物馆教育研究领域的主流研究方法，包括日记法、访谈法、录音法、观察法、绘图法和问卷法等，探索了每种研究方法在博物馆教育情境下的独特价值和不足之处。希望能为我国博物馆教育研究提供方法论层面和技术层面的参考。
关键词：博物馆教育 博物馆学习共同体 研究方法
Abstract: Conducting education research in museum context is an important way to build a visitorcentered museum learning community. With a purpose to make the research effective and meaningful for museum education practice, it is necessary to conduct research under appropriate research framework. This article introduced classical and popular research methodology and methods for museum education research, including writing journals, interviews, recordings, observation, drawing, and questionnaires. We discussed the uniqueness and shortcomings of every method in museum education context. This article makes methodological and technical contribution to future museum education research in Chinese context.
Key Words: Museum education; museum learning community; research method
新刊许国金文三种读释
Interpretation of the Inscriptions on the Newly Published Bronze Vessels of Xu
黄锦前1 何金斌2
Huang Jinqian1 He Jinbin2
（1.河南大学历史文化学院，开封，475001；2.开封市博物馆，开封，475000）
（1. School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001;
2. Kaifeng Museum, Kaifeng, 475000）
内容提要：本文对新近公布的许子鼎、许成季鼎及许公作叔姜簠三篇许国金文的时代、有关文字及铭文内容进行了讨论，认为许子鼎与许成季鼎出于谷城，可能与春秋早期郑国联合齐、鲁两国伐许，攻破许都的史事有关。邱家楼墓葬的墓主，即鼎铭的“许子”亦即“许成季”，系卿大夫一级贵族，主要生活在公元前730年前后的许庄公、楚武王之世。许公作叔姜簠的作器者“许公”，应系许灵公宁。此二簠系“许公”为其女“叔姜”出嫁所作媵器。
关键词：许子鼎 许成季鼎 许公作叔姜簠
Abstract: This paper explores the times and inscriptions on newly published bronze vessels of Xu. It is believed that the Ding of Xu Zi and Ding of Xu Chengji excavated from Gucheng, which may be related to the historical events of Zheng allied with Qi and Lu captured the capital of Xu in the early Spring and Autumn period. The owner of Qiujialou tomb was “Xu Zi” is also known as “Xu Chengji”, in the inscription on the two tripod cauldrons, who was a noble and mainly lived in the era of Duck Zhuang of Xu and King Wu of Chu before and after 730 BC. As to the two bronze Fu, which made by Duke Ning of Xu as the dowry for his daughter “Shu Jiang”.
Key Words: Ding of Xu Zi; Ding of Xu Chengji; Fu made by Duke of Xu for Shu Jiang
晋侯鸟尊原型初探
On the Prototype of Bird-Shaped Zun from Jin State
王 林
Wang Lin
（安阳市殷墟管理处，安阳， 455000）
（Yinxu Administration Office of Anyang City, Anyang, 455000）
内容提要：中国古代青铜器中鸟崇拜由来已久，特别是商周时期，出现了许多包括鸟纹饰和鸟器形的青铜器，晋侯鸟尊便是其中的珍品之一。绿孔雀，在中国古代是各类艺术创作中常见的传统鸟类，自古以来被视为祥瑞，但由于现存数量稀少，鲜为人知。本文通过对晋侯鸟尊和绿孔雀的外貌特征及文化背景对比研究发现，晋侯鸟尊应该是以绿孔雀为原型铸造而成，晋侯鸟尊或应为“晋侯绿孔雀尊”。
关键词：晋侯鸟尊 绿孔雀 青铜器 凤鸟
Abstract: The worship of birds has existed in China for a long time, which can be identified in decorations on ancient Chinese bronzes. The bird-shaped and bird patterned bronzes were massively produced, especially during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The bird-shaped Zun from Jin State is one of the treasures. The green peacock is rare known due to the scarcity of existing ones, however as it was regarded with an auspicious meaning in ancient China, it has massively appeared in the traditional artworks. By comparing the appearance and cultural background of the bird-shaped Zun and the green peacock, it appears that the green peacock is the prototype of the bird-shaped Zun from Jin State, which should be named as Green-peacock-shaped Zun from Jin State.
Key Words: Bird-shaped Zun from Jin State; green peacock; bronzes; phoenix
说“辂”
——以明代辂车为例
A Study on the Lu Chariot in the Case of Ming Dynasty
刘仕毅
Liu Shiyi
（永陵博物馆，成都，610032）
（Chengdu Yongling Museum, Chengdu, 610032）
内容提要：辂车从周代开始成为帝王用车，其制度不断变化。据历史文献并结合出土的明代藩王墓辂车明器形制考证，其时辂车可分为圆顶、方亭和底座三个部分。圆顶和方亭是辂车的总体结构，在不同时代，圆顶和方亭上的装饰不同。随着圆顶和方亭上的装饰增多，辂车的比例失调，底座开始增高，辂车的动力也不再是最初的依靠马，而是依靠人力。从明代亲王墓葬随葬辂车位置推测象辂的仪仗制度，弥补历史文献中未明确记载亲王象辂位置的缺失。
关键词：辂 象辂 朱檀墓 朱悦燫墓
Abstract: The Lu chariot was used as a vehicle for the emperor since Zhou dynasty with the frequently changed ceremonial system. According to the historical documents and the excavation of the Lu chariot in the tombs of princes of the Ming Dynasty, the Lu chariot was constructed by three different parts: the dome, the squared pavilion, and the base. The decorations on the dome and the squared pavilion were shifted according to the construction time. As the decoration onto the dome and the square pavilion increased, the proportion of this kind of chariot was out of balance and the base began to raised; also, the driven power of the Lu chariot was shifted from the horsepower to manpower. Based on the burial location of the Lu chariot in the tombs of the princes of the Ming Dynasty, the presumption of the ceremonial system of the ivory decorated Lu chariot completed the historical documents on the Lu chariot for the prince.
Key Words: Lu chariot; Lu chariot decorated with ivory; tomb of Zhu Tan; tomb of Zhu Yuelian
浅析民国时期晚清遗民在京社交活动
——从樊增祥晚年的一件书法作品说起
On the Social Activities of the Adherents of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing During the
Republic of China: From a Piece of Calligraphy Work by Fan Zengxiang in His Elderly Life
王新迎
Wang Xinying
（首都博物馆，北京，100045）
（Capital Museum, Beijing, 100045）
内容提要：首都博物馆2019年2月展出了馆藏近代诗人书法家樊增祥的一件七言诗书法作品，诗文描绘了民国时期在京士夫文人什刹海边的一次聚会活动，既是樊增祥诗文书法造诣的展示，也是他晚年在京社交活动的见证，同时也是旧京时空环境和士夫文化的重要记录。由此进一步梳理樊增祥与友人晚年在京的社交活动，并分析他们的初衷动机和社会影响，从中窥见清代遗民在民国时期的群体性行为。
关键词：樊增祥 书法作品 社交活动 晚清遗民
Abstract: In February 2019, a piece of calligraphy work which is a seven-character poem collected at Capital Museum has been exhibited, it is written by Fan Zengxiang, a modern poet and calligrapher. The work depicted a gathering of scholars in Shichahai during the period of the Republic of China. It was not only a demonstration of Fan Zengxiang’s literary and calligraphic attainments, but also a testimony of his elderly social activities in Beijing. Moreover, it is an important record of the space-time environment and scholarbureaucratic culture of the old Beijing. By further reviewing his social activities between he and his friends that he settled in Beijing in his last years, we can analyze their original intention, motivation and social influence. We may judge of his behavior, mentality and cultural values typically represented the most of the adherents of the Qing Dynasty after the Revolution.
Key Words: Fan Zengxiang; calligraphy work; social activities; adherents of the Qing Dynasty
博物馆数据可视化的探索与实践
——以上海博物馆数字化建设为例
The Visualization Practice of Museum Data: In the Case of Shanghai Museum
刘 健
Liu Jian
（上海博物馆，上海，200003）
（Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, 200003）
内容提要：在当今海量数据的不断产生和积淀的时代，博物馆如何利用自身采集或拥有的各类数据资源，并通过数据的分析、挖掘及有效的呈现产生新的效用，是博物馆数字化建设今后所应该努力的方向。这其中，数据可视化就是一个可供开发和利用的新技术。本文介绍了数据可视化的一些基本概念，分析了它与博物馆之间的相互关系，并通过上海博物馆的一些案例来展现这项新技术在博物馆数字化建设中的一些应用场景，借此为今后数据可视化技术在博物馆中的进一步运用提供参考和借鉴。
关键词：博物馆 数字化 数据可视化
Abstract: Making full use of all kinds of data resources collected or owned by itself to generate new effects through data analysis, mining and effective presentation, will be the future effort of museums in this era of massive data generation and accumulation. Among them, data visualization is a new technology that can be developed and utilized. This paper introduces some basic concepts of data visualization, analyzes the relationship between it and the museum, and shows some application scenarios of this new technology in the digital construction of the museum through some cases of the Shanghai Museum in order to provide the reference to the further application of this technology.
Key Words: Museum; digitization; data visualization
从田野到博物馆
——博物馆藏品信息链概念的提出与初步探讨
From Field to Museum: A Preliminary Discussion about the Conception
on Information-chain of Collections in Museum
曹岳森
Cao Yuesen
（洛阳丝绸之路博物馆，洛阳，471000）
（Luoyang Museum of Silk Roads, Luoyang, 471000）
内容提要：博物馆藏品自形成之日到入藏博物馆，经历了空间位移和人为拣选的过程。过程中的诸多环节，如发掘、记录、拣选、登记、展示等，均对藏品信息的动态性损益产生了影响。本文提出“藏品信息链”概念，意图指代藏品随着时间和空间的变化而发生的信息变化过程，并初步探讨其明显的断裂性特征、影响及造成信息链断裂的浅、深层次原因，同时对藏品信息链的重建给出了初步的建议。
关键词：田野 博物馆 藏品信息链 重建
Abstract: The museum collections have experienced the process of spatial displacement and artificial selection from the date of its formation to the date of their admission to the museum. Many links in the process, such as excavation, record, selection, registration, display, etc., caused the dynamic profit and loss of the collection information. This paper puts forward the concept of “information chain of collections”, trying to refer to the information change process of the collection with the change of time and space. And then, the paper conducts a preliminary study about the obvious disjunctive characteristics and influence of the information chain, to discuss the reason that causes the rupture of the chain. Meanwhile, some suggestions are given for the reconstruction of the chain.
Key Words: Field; museum; information-chain of collections; reconstruction
传统文化的当代遐想
——一个关于大足石刻的展览项目的尝试
The Contemporary Reverie of Traditional Culture:
An Experiment in the Exhibition Project about Dazu Rock Carving
秦 臻 王文娟
Qin Zhen Wang Wenjuan
（四川美术学院，重庆，401331）
（Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, Chongqing, 401331）
内容摘要：本文介绍了“回向——大足石刻图像与历史文献展”从策划到最终呈现的整个过程。策划团队尝试以大足石刻从唐末伊始的开凿，晚清民国时期开始的发掘与研究，当代艺术受此启发的创作作为展览呈现内容。以金石文献、图像、雕塑、新媒体等展品呈现了作为传统文化资源的大足石刻从唐末到当代的发展、衍生及传承脉络。
关键词：大足石刻 传统文化资源 艺术创作 激活
Abstract: The thesis introduces the whole process from the planning to the presentation of the “Transference: Images and Archives of Dazu Rock Carvings”. The Curator team tried to display the contents by this exhibition which include the carving of Dazu Rock Carving in the late Tang Dynasty, the excavation and research of Dazu Rock Carvings in late Qing Dynasty, and contemporary art works that are inspired by Dazu Rock Carvings. Exhibits such as the inscriptions, archives, images and sculptures, etc. present development , derivatives and inheritance of Dazu Rock Carvings from the late Tang Dynasty to contemporary.
Key Words: Dazu Rock Carvings; traditional cultural resources; artistic creation; revive
展陈设计中的视知觉动力分析
Analysis of Visual Perceptual Forces in Exhibition Design
褚 楚
Chu Chu
（广西民族博物馆，南宁，530028）
（Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530028）
内容提要：当下博物馆的展示实体最终需以“可知觉”的状态面对观众，鲁道夫?阿恩海姆视知觉理论以格式塔理论为基础，让观众和研究者从生理条件相对应的视觉构成出发，找到长久以来牵引着人们内心审美体验的根源。本文运用视知觉理论中最关键的“补足”、“简化”、“变形”及“重力方向”原理讨论了当下展陈设计中的视知觉动力问题。
关键词：视知觉原理 知觉动力 格式塔 原型理论 展览设计
Abstract: The present exhibition entity in museum needs to face the audience in a “perceivable” state. The theory of visual perception by Rudolph Arnheim is based on the Gestalt theory, allowing the audience and researchers to find the root of people’s inner aesthetic experience for a long time from the visual composition corresponding to the physiological condition. This paper applies the principle of gestalt, simplification, transformation, weight and direction to discuss the visual perceptual forces in the design of the present exhibition.
Key Words: Principle of visual perception; perceptual forces; gestalt; prototype theory; exhibition design
略论私人藏品在博物馆展览中的使用
On the Use of Private Collections in Museum Exhibitions
裴 宇
Pei Yu
（吉林市博物馆，吉林，132013）
（Jilin Museum, Jilin, 132013）
内容提要：私人藏品中有一部分属于文化遗产范畴，具有很强的公共化价值与潜力。私人藏品运用于博物馆展览可充分体现其价值，从而促进其公共化进程。博物馆展览利用私人藏品有助于提高博物馆藏品的利用率，进而促进博物馆功能的实现。博物馆利用私人藏品办展是博物馆加强与私人收藏者合作的一种直接、有效的方式。这种合作扩大了博物馆的社会交往，为其可持续发展注入了活力，同时也可以帮助私人收藏者克服其个人化目的，引导其走向公益之路。
关键词：博物馆展览 私人藏品 公共化
Abstract: Some of the private collections belong to the category of cultural heritage and have strong public value and potential. The use of private collections in museum exhibits can fully reflect their value and thus facilitate their public process. The use of private collections in museum exhibitions helps to increase the utilization of museum collections and thus contributes to the realization of museum functions. The museum’s use of private collections for exhibitions is a direct and effective way for museums to strengthen their cooperation with private collectors. This cooperation has expanded the social interaction of museums and infused vitality into their sustainable development. At the same time, it can help private collectors overcome their personal goals and lead them toward public welfare.
Key Words: Museum exhibition; private collections; public
聚焦博物馆科研职能的联动效应
——基于安徽博物院科研实践的个案分析
Focus on the Linkage Effect of Museum Scientific Research:
A Case Study Based on the Research Practice of Anhui Museum
冯 超
Feng Chao
（安徽博物院，合肥，230071）
（Anhui Museum, Hefei, 230071）
内容提要：科学研究是博物馆的重要职能。博物馆科研应该成为博物馆人才培养和业务创新的重要驱动。构建博物馆科研与业务互动发展的有效途径，带动博物馆人才成长，切实发挥博物馆科研功能，是目前国内博物馆亟待完善的重要工作。安徽博物院历来重视科研工作，将学术研究定位在博物馆发展的核心驱动的度。在实践探索中，安徽博物院将科研与人才培养及业务创新相结合，充分发挥科研工作的驱动功能，坚持将人才培养放在首位，逐渐形成“培养人才，找准突破，塑造品牌，实现共享”的科研发展战略思维。
关键词：博物馆科研 工作实践 人才培养 业务创新
Abstract: Scientific research plays an important role in the function of museums. This role in Museums should be an important driver of talent training and business innovation. Meanwhile, for the domestic museum, the important work needs to perfect is that, ought to build an effective way to the interact relationship between academic research and business development in museums, drive the growth of talents, and perform research function of museum. Anhui Museum has always attached importance to research and positioned it at the core driving level of museum development. In the practice exploration, Anhui Museum has combed research with talent training and business innovation, given full play to the driving function of research work, persisted in the first place for the talent training, and gradually formed the the strategic thinking of academic development which is formed of “talents training, breakthrough, brand building, sharing”.
Key Words: Research in museums; work practice; talent cultivation; business innovation
源于古典 再造当下
——由“江南生活美学”展览策划引发的思考
Originating from the Classical, Rebuilding of the Present:
Thoughts on the Exhibition Planning of Jiangnan Life Aesthetics
蔡 琴
Cai Qin
（浙江省博物馆，杭州，310007）
（Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou, 310007）