美国博物馆教育的历史与现状
Current Practices in Museum Education in the United States
海伦•香农  著  伍彬  译
Helen Shannon Translated by Wu Bin
（1. 费城艺术大学；2. 哥伦比亚大学）
（ 1. The University of the Arts, Philadelphia； 2. Columbia University, New York ）

内容提要: 本文探讨了200多年以来博物馆教育在美国的发展状况，诠释了美国历史与社会力量在推进国家变革的同时，也推动了博物馆吸引观众方式的转变。每个国家的博物馆最终都应该立足于本国的历史与文化，寻找最适合本国国情且最能吸引观众走进博物馆的模式。本文为悼念海伦•香农博士而译。香农博士是一位博物馆教育领域的专家，积极推动中美两国博物馆界的交流与合作。
关键词:美国博物馆 博物馆教育 非学校教育 发展心理学 实践式学习 探究式教学 观众服务
Abstract: This paper will discuss the development of museum education over more than 200 years in the United States. It will explain how historical and social forces in this country have caused changes in the way we reach our audiences. In the end, each country should look to its history and culture for the format that is best for them to bring visitors to museums. The paper is translated into Chinese in memory of Dr. Helen Shannon. Dr. Shannon is an expert in Museum Education and an advocate for the communication and collaboration between the museum communities of China and the United States.
Key Words: American museums; museum education; non-school education; Development Psychology; hands-on learning; inquiry teaching; visitors service

知识生产者，抑或遗产守护者？——博物馆藏品的内涵及定义
Knowledge Producer or Heritage Guardian:
The Intension and Definition of Museum Collection
宋向光
Song Xiangguang
（北京大学考古文博学院，北京，100871）
（ School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 ）

内容提要: 博物馆藏品是博物馆业务活动的基础，对藏品内涵的理解将直接影响博物馆业务工作。藏品内涵表述映射出博物馆对博物馆发展社会环境的认识，以及博物馆在社会发展中应承担的任务。本文分析了藏品内涵的“社会发展的物证”及“文化遗产”表述的差异，指出不同内涵定义的社会文化语境的区别，讨论了不同内涵表述对博物馆发展的影响，提出应坚持博物馆科学知识生产的历史责任。
关键词: 博物馆学 博物馆定义 博物馆藏品 物证 遗产
Abstract: The museum collection is the foundation of the museum’s professional works. The understanding of the meaning of the word of collection has a direct impact on the museum’s work. The defnition of collection that reflects the museum’s understanding of the social environment in which the museum develops and the recognition of the tasks that museum should undertake in social development. The article analyzes the differences in the expression of “material evidence of social development” and “cultural heritage” for the museum collection, points out the social-cultural context for the difference, discusses the impacts by the different definition on the development of museums and proposes the defnition about museum should insist producing scientifc knowledge which is the historical responsibility of the public museums.
Key Words: Museology; museum defnition; museum collection; material evidence; heritage

目的感：从《新博物馆学》一书重思博物馆价值
Sense of Purpose: Rethinking Museum Value by The New Museology
尹  凯
Yin Kai
（ 山东大学文化遗产研究院，济南，250100 ）
（ Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 ）

内容提要: 1989年，彼特•弗格主编的论文集《新博物馆学》出版面世，这标志着新博物馆理论作为一个新兴领域正式进入学术视野。较之于新博物馆学的拉丁美洲传统，这本论文集倡导的新博物馆学属于英国传统，不仅反思了博物馆自维多利亚时代以来所形成的价值体系，而且开辟了博物馆由“旧”到“新”的新局面。现今，新博物馆学是国内热议的话题之一，相关理解与表述也层出不穷，令人遗憾的是该论文集却没有得到应有的重视。为此，本文将对论文集中各位学者的真知灼见和核心观点进行总结与评述，并在此基础上勾勒出该书在当代博物馆研究中的地位与价值。
关键词: 《新博物馆学》 英国传统 传统博物馆 目的 价值
Abstract: The book The New Museology edited by Peter Vergo was published in 1989, which marks the new museum theory into the formal academic vision as an rising feld. Compared with the Latin new museology, this volume belongs to the British new museology, which not only reflects the museum value systems since Victorian times, but also opens a new museum prospect from “old” to “new”. Nowadays, the new museology is one of the hot topics in China, and the related understandings and expressions are also increasing. Unfortunately, the volume has not been paid due attention. Therefore, this article will summarize and comment on the core views of each scholars, then outline the status and value of the book in contemporary museum studies.
Key Words: The New Museology; British tradition; traditional museum; purpose; value

近代博物馆与中国公共空间关系试析
——以来华西方人所建博物馆为例
An Analysis of the Relationship between Museums and Public Space in Modern China:
Taking Museums Built by Westerners in China as Examples
赵国香
Zhao Guoxiang
（ 中央民族大学历史文化学院，北京，100081 ）
（ School of History and Culture, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 ）

内容提要: 近代来华西方人在中国建立了首批近代意义上的博物馆。传统观点认为这批博物馆带有侵略、殖民性质，是列强对中国进行文化侵蚀、殖民扩张的一部分，但不可否认的是这批博物馆对于启迪民智、传播科学技术知识、解放思想起到了积极作用。同时来华西方人所创办的博物馆也构成了近代中国的新型公共空间，促进了中国社会的近代化。本文以烟台博物院、青州博古堂、济南广智院、亚洲文会博物院、北疆博物院、徐家汇博物院等为例，从区位条件、空间规模和空间形态三方面就博物馆的建筑进行简要分析，从时间预设、身份预设、行为预设三方面来初步探析博物馆的管理，从展览、演讲和布道三方面对博物馆的活动做简要说明，从博物馆建筑、管理、活动等公共空间核心要素探讨近代博物馆与中国公共空间的关系。
关键词: 近代博物馆 来华西方人 公共空间
Abstract: Westerners who have come to China in modern times have established the first museums in modern China. In traditional perception, these museums are a form of invasion and colonialism, which act as part of the cultural erosion and colonial expansion against China. However, undeniably, these museums have enlightened the public, disseminated scientifc and technological knowledge, and promoted the modernization of Chinese society to some extent. At the same time, these museums also construct a new type of public space in modern China. This paper uses Yantai Museum, Qingzhou Museum, Jinan Guangzhiyuan, Asian Literature Museum, Musée Hoangho Paiho and Xujiahui Museum as examples. It briefly analyzes the museum architecture from the following three aspects: distributive conditions, spatial scale, and spatial form. The management of museums is probed through the aspects of time preset, identity preset, and behavior preset. The activities held by museums are illustrated from exhibitions, lectures, and preach. These aspects are essential factors of museums to serve as public space.
Key Words: Museum in modern China; westerners in China; public space

河南洛阳山陕会馆和潞泽会馆考辨——兼谈历史建筑博物馆的利用
A Study of Shan-shan Guilds and Lu-ze Guilds in LuoYang:
With Reference to the Utilization of Historical Architecture Museum
杨  全
Yang Quan
（ 洛阳民俗博物馆，洛阳，471002 ）
（ Luoyang Folk Museum, Luoyang, 471002 ）

内容提要: 清代洛阳的山陕会馆和潞泽会馆分别位于当时城的南郭与东郭，始建时间都在清代的中前期。同为晋商会馆，它们在建筑布局、关帝信仰和会馆性质等方面有着相似之处，但却代表了晋商内部由地域而塑造出的相异的“同乡”利益集团。二者在历史洪流中的筹建与兴修、结社与祭祀、修葺与衰落等也各有自身脉络，故将其视为“生命史”的一部分。同时，会馆建筑在使用方式的改变和物的去留中也重新塑造了二者的差异。当前以会馆为依托而造就的博物馆，在一定程度上又重新界定了二者的内涵，延展了其阐释空间。
关键词: 山陕会馆 潞泽会馆 关帝庙 博物馆 生命史
Abstract: Shan-shan Guilds and Lu-ze Guilds were located in the South Guo and East Guo of the Luoyang city in Qing Dynasty, they were all established in the middle early Qing Dynasty. Both are similar to the Jin Merchants Guilds. They have similarities in the architectural layout, Guandi beliefs, and the nature of the Guilds. However, the two Guilds represent different “hometown” interest groups shaped by the region within the Shanxi Merchants. The establishment and development, associations and rituals, repairs and declines also have their own contexts, so they are considered part of the “life history” in the historical floods. At the same time, the changes in the use of the Guilds and the departure of items also recreated the difference. The museum in the new period which builds on the basis of the Guilds extends the space of interpretation.
Key Words: Shan-shan Guilds; Lu-ze Guilds; Guandi Temple; museum; life history

广州鲁迅纪念馆藏鲁迅致罗清桢书信手稿考略
The Investigation of Lu Xun’s Letter Manuscripts to Luo Qingzhen Collected
in Guangzhou Lu Xun Museum
刘  丹
Liu Dan
（ 广州鲁迅纪念馆，广州，510110 ）
（ Guangzhou Luxun Museum, Guangzhou, 510110 ）

内容提要: 广州鲁迅纪念馆收藏有鲁迅致广东兴宁籍木刻家罗清桢书信手稿16封。考察这些手稿的内容，可以管窥鲁迅在20世纪30年代所倡导的新兴木刻运动的发展情况，以及他在此次运动中对广东籍木刻青年的扶持与影响，为鲁迅及中国现代版画艺术的研究提供借鉴与参考。
关键词: 鲁迅 罗清桢 书信 手稿
Abstract: Guangzhou Lu Xun Museum has a collection of 16 letters in manuscript from Lu Xun to
Luo Qingzhen, a woodcarver artist coming from Xingning, Guangdong Province. By investigating these manuscripts, we can catch a glimpse of the development of the Emerging Woodcarving Movement advocated by Lu Xun in the 1930s, and his support to the young Cartonese woodcarvers in the movement, as well as his influence upon them. This investigation can also offer references for the study of Lu Xun and Chinese Modern Art of Wood Block Prints.
Key Words: Lu Xun; Luo Qingzhen; letters; manuscripts

康有为所藏意大利石雕的流转及其艺术特色
The Biography of Kang Youwei’s Collections on Italian Stone Sculptures
and Their Artistic Characteristics
李宁利  魏明珠
Li Ningli Wei Mingzhu
（ 1. 中山大学，广州，510275；2. 华南师范大学附属中学，广州，510630 ）
（ 1. Sun Yat-Sen University， Guangzhou， 510275；
2. The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510630 ）

内容提要: 戊戌变法失败后，康有为在游历欧洲时曾购买了一批意大利石雕。一百多年来，这批石雕几经转手，屡迁粤、港、沪各地，当前展藏于中山大学人类学博物馆。本文首次揭开这批石雕的“身世”，并对石雕的流转过程展开追踪研究，借此阐释这批石雕的艺术特色。研究表明，在流转过程中，传世文物的历史和艺术价值，会依文物的“身世”、 对流转过程的认知、社会发展变迁、收藏者命运的悲欢离合而“不断增值”。追溯传世文物的流转过程，对于文物鉴定、定级、保护等均具有指导意义。
关键词: 康有为 意大利石雕 文物艺术特色
Abstract: Kang Youwei traveled around Europe after the Hundred Days Reform Movement which was failed in 1898. He bought more than ten stone sculptures from Italy in 1904 which were shifted to Guangzhou. Afterwards, the sculptures were passed through many hands and moved from Guangzhou to Shanghai and Hongkong. In Nowadays, the sculptures are exhibited in the museum of Anthropology at Sun Yat-Sen University. This article has a tracing research on the roots and the social life of these stone sculptures. The study shows the process of transfer and the collectors sensitized fate will beneft to construct the historical and artistic values of these modern relics. Tracing the history of the transfer process of the cultural relics has the guiding signifcance for the protection, identifcation, classifcation and evaluation of the modern relics.
Key Words: Kang Youwei; Italian stone sculptures; artistic characteristics of cultural relics

从筹建过程探讨博物馆真实性的建构
——以宁波教育博物馆为例
Discussion on Authenticity in Museums through Construction Process:
The Case of Ningbo Museum of Education
毛若寒
Mao Ruohan
（ 浙江大学人文学院，杭州，310058 ）
（ College of Humanities of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 ）

内容提要: 人类学与博物馆学中关于真实性的讨论多聚焦于真实性的呈现，关于博物馆的真实性由谁主导，如何建构以及建构原则均缺乏实证性案例研究。宁波教育博物馆的筹建过程说明文化遗产话语与当代政治话语的冲突与妥协，是今天中国博物馆真实性建构的核心语境。博物馆真实性是建立在历史客观性基础上，面向大众体验的真实性。真实性的建构原则有：一、在内容组织上确保历史认识的客观性，二、在实物原真性的基础上合理利用仿真品，三、在表达形式上做到客观历史与想象再现的平衡。政府部门、地方专家、博物馆学专家、设计团队各司其职，协商解决问题有利于博物馆真实性的理性建立。
关键词: 博物馆 真实性 筹建过程 宁波教育博物馆 
Abstract: Museum’s authenticity has been widely discussed in Anthropology and Museology. However, they are much more focused on presentation of authenticity and the authentic experience of tourists. Empirical research cases about who takes the dominate role in constructing authenticity, what principles should be obeyed seem insuffcient. Based on the case of Ningbo Museum of Education, this paper points out that the authenticity in museum is generated in the process of consulting and compromising between different groups. The different discourse between cultural heritage and contemporary politics consists of the basic context of authenticity construction. The authenticity of museum is an organic synthesis comprised by “real objects”, “the authenticity of the content” and the realistic form of exhibition. The principle of constructing authenticity are: 1. ensuring the objectivity of historical knowledge in content organization; 2. making rational use of simulation products on the basis of physical authenticity; 3. keeping a balance between the objective history and imagination reproduction in designing. This paper emphasizes that local government departments, experts and specialists, the design team need to carry out their duties, the negotiated settlement is conducive to the rational establishment of the authenticity in museum.
Key Words: Museum; authenticity; process of planning and constructing; Ningbo Museum of Education

彰显陈列实物属性的困境与出路
——以纪念类陈列为例
Difficulty and Solution of the Lack of Display Objects:
Taking the Memorial Exhibition as an Example
唐立鹏
Tang Lipeng
（ 鸦片战争博物馆，东莞，523900 ）
（ Opium War Museum, Dongguan, 523900 ）

内容提要: 实物是博物馆陈列的基石，实物性是博物馆及其陈列的本质属性。由于受到客观因素制约，博物馆陈列尤其是纪念类陈列存在较为严重的实物匮缺现象。为解决这一看似不可调和的矛盾，首先要对“以实物为中心”的传统理念进行审视，在批判继承的基础上确立新的理念。再从辅助展品、空间布局、科技运用等环节，就如何彰显实物特征这一命题提出原则与举措。通过探究，旨在强调：作为专门的社会文化教育机构，博物馆必须始终坚守独立个性，才能避免在狂飙突进式的发展中迷失自我。
关键词: 纪念类陈列 实物性 辅助展品 空间造型 科技手段
Abstract: Relic is the cornerstone of the museum exhibition, and the relics nature is the essential attribute of the museum and its exhibition. Due to the objective factors, the museum exhibition, especially the memorial exhibition, faces a serious problem of relic deficiency. In order to solve this seemingly irreconcilable contradiction, frstly we should examine the traditional idea of “relic as the center”, and establish a new idea on the basis of critical inheritance. And then put forward principles and measures on how to highlight relics with assistant exhibits, space layout and technology. Through the inquiry, it is intended to emphasize that a museum, as a special institution of social cultural education, should keep the independent character, to protect itself from the excessively rapid development.
Key Words: Memorial exhibition; relics nature; supplementary exhibits; space form; technology means

口述历史在博物馆展览中的角色强化
The Strengthening Roles of Oral History in Museum Exhibitions
侯春燕
Hou Chunyan
（ 中国国家博物馆，北京，100006 ）
（ National Museum of China, Beijing, 100006 ）

内容提要: 口述历史在博物馆展览中的应用，经历了从被排斥、作为配角到策展的重要依据等重大变化。在传统的博物馆展览中，口述历史多以历史“见证物”和辅助展品的形式出现。随着人们对博物馆功能认识的不断深化，口述历史在展览中的功用逐渐转变为展览策划的源泉、环境阐释的主角，起到营设社会论坛、揭示社会问题、弥补宏大叙事之缺失、丰富展品阐释之视角和强化展览与观众互动等作用。当然，口述历史在博物馆展览运用中也面临着知识产权、主观性和“非权威”化问题等困境。
关键词: 口述历史 博物馆展览 角色强化 知识产权 非权威化
Abstract: From being rejected to assuming a supporting role and fnally to becoming an important basis of curating, oral history in museum exhibitions has undergone great changes. In traditional exhibitions, oral history is mostly used as “witness” of history and supporting objects. With the deepening understanding of the functions of museums, oral history is gradually becoming sources of curating and a key element in environmental explanation. Oral history is playing important roles in setting up social forums, revealing social problems, making up for the lack of grand narrative, enriching the perspective of exhibition objects interpretation and strengthening the interaction between exhibition and audience. Indeed, intellectual property, subjectivity and inauthoritativeness are the dilemmas that oral history is faced with in exhibitions application.
Key Words: Oral history; museum exhibition; strengthened role; intellectual property; inauthoritativeness

沉浸在博物馆观众体验中的运用及认知效果探析
The Discussion of Application and Cognitive Effect of Visitors’ Immersion
Experience in Museums
王思怡
Wang Siyi
（浙江大学文化遗产与博物馆学研究所，杭州，310028）
（ Institute of Cultural Heritage and Museology,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028 ）

内容提要: 随着博物馆由“物”转变至“人”与“物”共同发展，体验感成为博物馆展览与活动策划中的重要指标。不管是在观众体验的描述还是分类上，沉浸的概念总会渗透其中；作为起初的心理学概念，沉浸感如何在博物馆中实现，成为博物馆学界关注的问题。本文从博物馆沉浸体验概念、博物馆沉浸体验的多元化环境与展示手段、博物馆沉浸体验的影响因素以及测量沉浸体验的方法等几个方面，对如何有效塑造观众沉浸体验进行理论上的梳理及实践举例。
关键词: 博物馆观众 沉浸体验 多元环境 影响因素 测量
Abstract: As museums’ focus turning from object to people and object, experience becomes an important index of planning and designing exhibitions and activities. No matter the description or the categories of visitor experience, immersion always takes part. First as the notion of psychology, how to apply immersion into museum field becomes the focus of museum professionals. This paper is divided into several parts, which are the notion of museum immersion experience, and its diverse environment and way to practice, the affective factor and the measurement. Meanwhile, through these aspects, this paper also discusses how to make the immersion experience effectively in the perspective of theory and practice.
Key Words: Museum visitors; immersion experience; diverse environment; affective factors; measurement

博物馆展览研究探析
The Study on the Exhibitions in Museums
谭小荣
Tan Xiaorong
（桂林博物馆，桂林，541000）
（ Guilin Museum, Guilin, 541000 ）

内容提要: 博物馆展览研究包括“物”的研究、“人”的研究、“展览环节”的研究和“办展理念”的研究。四个方面的研究如能成为一个整体，成为博物馆展览实践的自觉，就能很好解决“为什么展”“为谁展”“展什么”“如何展”的问题，从而实现展览教育目的和社会效益的最 大化。
关键词: 展览研究 博物馆 实践自觉 社会效益
Abstract: The museum exhibition research includes four aspects, namely, the study of object, human, exhibition link and exhibition concept. If these four aspects of research combine and become the consciousness of the museum exhibition practice, it will be able to solve the problem of “why exhibit”, “whom exhibit for”, “what to exhibit” and “how to exhibit”, so as to achieve the purpose of exhibition education and society's maximized benefts.
Key Words: Exhibition research; museum; practice conscious; social beneft